密云水库细菌群落组成结构及影响因素

密云水库作为华北地区最大水库,是北京和附近地区最重要的地表饮用水水源地.细菌是水库生态系统结构和功能的关键调控者,探明细菌的群落分布特征对维护水库水质安全具有重要意义.基于高通量测序的方法,探究了密云水库水体和沉积物中细菌群落的组成结构、时空分布特征和环境影响因素.结果表明,水库沉积物细菌群落具有更高的α多样性且季节差异不显著,群落中的主要物种来自变形菌门;水体细菌群落中的优势菌为放线菌门,水体细菌群落的季节差异明显,丰水期的优势物种为CL500-29＿marine＿group属和hgcI＿clade属,Cyanobium＿PCC-6307属则在枯水期含量大幅上升;水体和沉积物中的关键物种存在明显差异,沉积物细菌群落具有更多的指示物种;水体细菌的共存网络关系更为复杂,具有更强的抵抗外界环境变化的能力;环境因素对于水体细菌群落的影响明显高于沉积物,SO■和TN分别为水体和沉积物细菌群落的主要影响因子.通过揭示密云水库细菌群落的分布规律和驱动因素,为水库管理和水质保障提供了重要指导建议.     

分层型水库藻类垂向演替的水质与细菌种群调控

浮游藻类和细菌是水生食物网的重要组成部分,在水源水库生态系统物质循环和能量流动方面发挥关键作用,藻类的空间演替与水体细菌种群代谢和结构演变关系密切.因此,本文以李家河水库为研究对象,在分析水库水质指标基础上,采用高通量DNA测序技术和Biolog技术,研究水库藻类暴发期,浮游藻类和细菌群落结构垂向演替特征及其与水质的偶联关系.结果表明,李家河水库在8月处于热分层期,水体pH、DO和NH~+_4-N随深度变化均逐渐降低(P0.001).藻密度和Chla呈现同步变化趋势(P0.001),表层最大分别为3 364.33×10~4 cells·L~(-1)和7.03μg·L~(-1).藻类群落结构在水深0 m和3 m处以微囊藻为主,而在水深6 m处,小环藻取代微囊藻成为最优藻属,相对丰度达57.28%.Biolog结果表明,微囊藻的暴发对细菌代谢活性及其相对丰度产生较大影响,但细菌种群代谢活性多样性变化不显著.高通量测序共发现1 420个OTUs,隶属于10个细菌门类,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在不同水层均为最优门类,其相对丰度之和达50%以上;绿菌门(Chlorobi)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)的相对丰度随着水深增加发生显著变化,均在6 m深度达到最大值,分别为10.29%和6.78%,且与水层藻密度呈显著负相关(P0.05);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)与藻密度呈显著正相关(P0.05).热图(Heat map)指纹图谱表明,李家河水库的细菌群落结构垂向分布差异显著,且随着水深的增加,细菌群落分布更均匀并趋于多样性.冗余分析(RDA)表明,细菌和藻类的群落结构的垂向分布受不同水质指标调控且差异显著.对水源水库藻类暴发期藻类与细菌群落的偶联机制进行探究,为水源藻华消涨的分子微生态驱动机制研究提供科学依据.     

官厅水库水质特征及水体微生物多样性的响应

针对北京市原水源地官厅水库,选择了上下游共6个采样点进行了不同季节的水质及环境因子特征分析.总体看来,4个季节水体氮磷碳营养物质浓度依次为:夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏秋季出现明显水华.上游妫水河水质要好于下游水库库区水质,尤其以夏秋季节最为明显.夏季上游妫水河的总碳、总氮、氨氮、总磷平均浓度为26.5, 0.95, 0.55, 0.077mg/L,而水库库区响应平均浓度分别为111.47, 4.27, 3.16, 0.25mg/L.结合PCR-DGGE对不同时期各点水体微生物进行了群落分析,发现上下游水体中细菌群落结构差异很大,水华严重区的细菌群落多样性和丰度要低于比水质较好区域.CANOCA软件分析了夏秋季水华时水体微生物群落变化与环境因子的响应关系,发现细菌群落结构与环境因子(T、pH值、DO、NFR、TP、Fe)之间存在较强的关联.水质较好的上游水体夏秋细菌群落结构主要受温度、DO影响较大;而水质较差的库区水体夏秋季细菌群落结构变化与固氮速率、pH值、总磷的相关性较好.     

五大连池水体中氮素分布及规律的初步研究

分析了2009年9月至2010年10月五大连池水体的总氮、氨氮、硝氮3项指标.得出水体氮素的年度变化规律及相关性,即总氮和氨氮、氨态氮与硝态氮两组指标的相关性很高,总氮与硝态氮之间相关性较弱.3种指标都是冬季明显高于其他季节,总氮在春季最低随后升高,氨态氮和硝态氮在春夏秋季均维持较低水平,且结合3者变化规律,夏季和秋季...     

白洋淀夏秋季沉积物氮赋存形态及分布特征

为研究白洋淀夏秋季各典型淀区沉积物中氮赋存形态及分布特征,采用逐级提取方法将沉积物中氮分为离子交换态氮(IEF-N)、弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、强碱可浸取态氮(SAEF-N)和强氧化剂可浸取态氮(SOEF-N),并对沉积物各形态可转化态氮与间隙水氨氮、硝氮的相关性进行分析。结果表明:夏季沉积物TN含量为3195.95~6335.34 mg/kg,秋季沉积物TN含量为3553.89~5786.3 mg/kg,原始区和养殖区的TN含量夏秋两季差异最大;夏秋两季15个采样点及5个功能区各形态氮含量均表现为WAEF-N>SOEF-N>SAEF-N>IEF-N,各形态可转化态氮含量无明显的季节变化特征;相关分析表明,沉积物中的弱酸可浸取态氨氮、硝氮与间隙水中的氨氮、硝氮在夏秋两季均相关性显著(P<0.05)。     

丹江口水库淅川库区大气无机氮干沉降特征

大气氮沉降是氮素生物地球化学循环中的重要环节,也是水库水体外源氮输入的重要来源之一。以丹江口水库淅川库区为研究区,在库区周围设置6个采样点,于2019年10月至2020年9月期间采集并分析大气氮干沉降样品,探讨无机氮干沉降的时空分布特征及其对水库水体外源氮输入的贡献。研究结果表明:库区无机氮干沉降量为16.30kg/(hm²·a),其中氨氮占比77%,硝氮占比23%,两者比值的变化范围为2.09(1月)～7.65(7月);氨氮沉降量在季节上表现出极显著差异性,硝氮、氨氮沉降量在空间上表现出显著差异性;气象要素(温度、气压、风向、相对湿度和水汽压)是影响氨氮沉降量的重要因素;无机氮沉降量占河流总氮入库量的7.28%,氨氮沉降量占河流氨氮入库量的38.10%;水库水体氮浓度对无机氮沉降响应的净增量为0.06mg/(L·a);库区氮沉降的削减策略须以农业减排为主,未来水库的水质保护需要重点考虑农业活动的影响。     

小流域大气氮干湿沉降特征

大气氮沉降是陆源污染物和营养物质向水生生态系统传输的重要途径之一.在人类活动影响较大的流域,大量氮素通过大气沉降的形式输入到水体中,能够对地表水体的营养结构、水生生物的生存环境等造成严重的负面生态效应.本文以密云水库石匣小流域为例,采集并分析了研究区大气氮沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降)样品,探讨了该流域大气氮沉降通量的变化特征及其主要影响因子,进而明确了大气氮沉降对流域氮输入的贡献程度.结果表明:(1)石匣流域大气氮总沉降(颗粒态干沉降与湿沉降之和)呈现出明显的季节变化特征;对湿沉降而言,总氮、氨氮在夏季沉降通量最大,溶解性有机氮沉降通量在春季最大,而硝态氮季节变化并不明显;对颗粒态干沉降而言,总氮和氨氮的沉降通量在冬季最高;硝态氮在不同季节变化不明显,但其沉降趋势与总氮基本一致;溶解性有机氮在秋季出现最高值.(2)该流域氮沉降通量为43. 14 kg·hm-2,其中湿沉降通量占39. 85%,颗粒态干沉降通量占60. 15%.(3)降雨和风速条件是影响大气氮沉降的重要影响因子,其中雨量和雨强与氮湿沉降浓度均呈明显的负相关关系;对颗粒态干沉降而言,监测期内平均风速是影响颗粒态氨氮干沉降通量的重要因子.(4)大气氮沉降占该流域总的氮素输入量的15. 09%,是仅次于畜禽养殖和农村生活的重要污染源.本研究结果可为密云水库上游流域氮素综合管理提供科学参考.     

北京密云水库流域水体夏季POM浓度及来源分析

为有效控制流域水质污染,保障饮用水水源的水质安全,通过测定北京境内密云水库流域水体夏季悬浮颗粒有机质(POM)的浓度水平及其碳、氮同位素特征,同时以京密引水渠水体为参比,对密云水库汇水流域水体POM的来源进行研究。结果表明,密云水库流域水体夏季颗粒态有机碳(POC)浓度的变化范围为0.04～0.71 mg/L,平均值为0.26 mg/L;颗粒态有机氮(PN)浓度的变化范围为0.01～0.24 mg/L,平均值为0.07 mg/L,库区水体POM浓度显著高于入库河流(P0.01),但均普遍低于国内外其他河流、湖库。夏季研究区域内水体POM主要来自内源物质,与库区相比,土壤侵蚀对入库河流POM贡献较高;与白河相比,潮河干支流陆源输入(包括生活源、土壤侵蚀等)对POM的贡献量更高。密云水库流域水体夏季POC浓度显著低于京密引水渠水体(P0.01),两种水体碳素浓度、组分可能存在差异。总体上,密云水库流域水体夏季POM浓度低且主要来源于内源。     

山东某水库水体富营养化状况分析

以2005～2008年山东某作为饮用水水源地的水库三个监测站位水质的调查数据为依据,对该水库水体富营养化现状进行了评价。研究了水库水体中主要氮营养盐的季节性分布规律及其形态组成。结果表明,该水库水体处于中富营养状态。水库水体中总氮含量年均值都在10.75～17.37mg/L之间,平均值为12.70mg/L。总氮为主要污染物质,并随季节变化明显,枯水期浓度高于丰水期。该水库水体溶解态无机氮(DIN)是总氮的主要存在形式,而其中又以硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)为主,平均占到DIN的80%以上。氮素污染多以还原态氨氮(NH4+-N)的形式排入水体,经过硝化作用,NH4+-N氧化成亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N),然后再氧化成稳定的NO3-N,并且消耗掉水体中大量的氧。入库河流水体中的NO3--N主要来自农田径流、上游城市污水、城市径流以及库区村,NH4+-N的来源主要是城市污水、工业废水以及少量的生活垃圾。     

吉林省兴隆水库氮磷营养盐特征分布及生态治理对策

为了解兴隆水库水体营养盐时空分布和水质现状,分别于2016年5月和7月在湖区内设置5个采样断面,分析了水体的理化指标和氮磷营养盐的特征指标。结果表明,兴隆水库水质具有明显的季节性,水质pH值偏碱性,溶解氧丰富,平均值高于8mg/L,总磷均超过0.2mg/L,总氮均超过1.2mg/L,三态氮中氨氮和硝态氮占主要比重,高锰酸盐指数超过地表水环境标准(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准。兴隆水库营养盐浓度超负荷,需从连续实时监测水质、准确定位水库功能以及采取生物净水技术方面进行生态治理。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.