纳米级Pd/Fe-MWCNTs-Fe3O4体系对2,3-DCB的降解研究

为有效抑制纳米级Pd/Fe颗粒的团聚和钝化及改善磁分离效果,以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和磁性纳米级Fe_3O_4颗粒为载体,在超声波辐照下利用液相还原法制备纳米级Pd/Fe-MWCNTs-Fe_3O_4颗粒,并采用XRD、TEM、SEM、EDX及BET表征其物性,最后以2,3-二氯联苯(2,3-DCB)为目标污染物,探究其对2,3-DCB还原脱氯的影响因素、降解机理和动力学.结果表明:制备的纳米级颗粒粒径均匀、分散性好、比表面积大;体系中纳米级Pd/Fe投加量、钯化率、纳米级Fe_3O_4投加量、MWCNTs投加量、反应温度、溶液初始pH及共存阴离子均会对2,3-DCB的降解效果产生明显影响;本研究推测出纳米级Pd/Fe-MWCNTs-Fe_3O_4体系对2,3-DCB的降解机理,发现其降解符合拟一级动力学关系.     

纳米Pd/Fe双金属对2,4-二氯酚的脱氯机理及动力学

采用纳米Pd Fe双金属对2,4 二氯酚(2,4 DCP)进行了催化还原脱氯处理.结果表明,纳米Pd Fe双金属具有较高的比表面积和反应活性,对2,4 DCP具有较好的脱氯效率.当纳米Pd Fe用量在6g·L-1时,2,4 DCP脱氯率达到90%以上;脱氯效率与pH值、温度、钯化率、Pd Fe投加量等因素有关.2,4 DCP在脱氯过程中先生成邻氯酚和对氯酚,而后继续脱氯生成苯酚,或由2,4 DCP直接降解成苯酚.2,4 DCP降解符合拟一级反应动力学.2,4 DCP催化还原脱氯反应的活化能为139 7kJ·mol-1.     

纳米四氧化三铁对2,4-D的脱氯降解

采用纳米四氧化三铁(Fe3O4)降解水溶液中的2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),考察了2,4-D初始浓度、纳米Fe3O4投加量、溶液pH和温度等因素对2,4-D降解率的影响.结果表明,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D有显著的降解效果,初始浓度为10 mg/L的2,4-D, 48 h内降解率可达48%.纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的降解是一个还原脱氯过程,反应体系中氯离子浓度随2,4-D浓度降低而升高.LC/MS分析表明,2,4-D降解的主要产物是苯酚,其他中间产物是2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-CP)和2-氯苯酚(2-CP).溶液中2,4-D的降解符合准一级反应动力学,产物4-CP、2,4-DCP和苯酚的反应速率常数K分别为0.0043、0.0026和0.0032 h -1.环境条件对降解效率有显著影响,2,4-D初始浓度在0～10 mg/L、纳米Fe3O4投加量0～300 mg/L的范围内,2,4-D降解率随初始浓度和纳米Fe3O4投加量的增加而增大;pH对2,4-D的脱氯降解有显著影响,在pH为3.0时,纳米Fe3O4对2,4-D的还原脱氯效果最好;温度升高,可以提高脱氯反应速率.     

CMC改性纳米Fe/Cu双金属模拟PRB去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

使用羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）对纳米零价铁（NZVI）改性,并将铜（Cu）作为复合金属,制得改性纳米Fe/Cu双金属.同时采用模拟反应柱模拟可渗透反应墙（PRB）去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的反应过程.改性前后材料的表征以及沉降实验结果表明,改性后的材料有更强分散性.通过考察污染物浓度、材料投加量、Cu的负载率、pH值、流量等因素对降解2,4-DCP的影响,结果表明：反应过程符合一级动力学模型,较低的pH值与较小的流速以及10%的Cu负载率有利于2,4-DCP脱氯,过多的材料投加量和过高的初始2,4-DCP浓度不利于其脱氯.     

纳米级Fe3O4-Pd/Fe复合材料催化脱氯2,4-D研究

采用共沉淀法制备纳米级Fe_3O_4,将其包覆在纳米Pd/Fe颗粒表面制成纳米级Fe_3O_4-Pd/Fe复合材料,并用于2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的催化脱氯.同时,采用透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对复合材料的结构进行分析,并考察了初始pH、钯化率、反应温度、纳米Fe_3O_4投加量等实验参数对n Fe_3O_4-Pd/Fe复合材料催化脱氯2,4-D的影响.结果发现,纳米Fe_3O_4粒径小于Pd/Fe纳米颗粒,具有一定的磁性,包覆于纳米Pd/Fe表面,提高了纳米材料的稳定性及分散性,并有利于复合材料的回收和循环利用.此外,纳米Fe_3O_4具有一定的导电性,可作为良好的电子通道为纳米Pd/Fe颗粒传递电子,促进反应的进行,增强2,4-D的去除效果.实验结果表明,较高的钯化率、反应温度、Fe_3O_4∶Fe质量比及中性pH条件均有利于反应的进行.当纳米Fe投加量为1.0 g·L-1,m(Fe_3O_4)∶m(Fe)为1∶1,初始pH为7.0,钯化率为0.15%,反应温度为25.0℃时,反应90 min后,40.0 mg·L-1的2,4-D的去除率达到100%,苯氧乙酸(PA)的生成率达99.8%.     

纳米四氧化三铁对2,4-D的降解研究

采用纳米Fe3O4降解溶液中的2,4-D,考察了2,4-D初始浓度、纳米Fe3O4的投加量、溶液pH对2,4-D降解效率的影响,并探讨了2,4-D的降解机理。实验结果表明,Fe3O4对2,4-D有明显的降解作用,纳米Fe3O4的降解效果优于微米级Fe3O4,降解过程中溶液中的氯离子浓度随着2,4-D的降解而升高,Fe3O4对2,4-D的降解机理是还原脱氯。当2,4-D初始浓度在0～10mg/L、纳米Fe3O4投加量0～300mg/L的范围内,2,4-D降解率随初始浓度和纳米Fe3O4投加量的增加而增大。在2,4-D初始浓度为10mg/L、pH3.0、纳米Fe3O4投加量300mg/L时降解效率最高,48h内2,4-D的降解率可达40%。     

Pd/Fe及纳米Pd/Fe对氯酚的脱氯研究

采用化学沉淀法制备得到了纳米Fe和纳米Pd/Fe(20～100nm),利用制备的纳米催化剂对氯酚进行了催化脱氯研究,并与常规的零价铁和Pd/Fe进行了对比分析.结果表明,纳米颗粒具有较高的比表面积和表面反应活性,所制备的纳米Pd/Fe双金属BET比表面积达到12.4m²/g,而商用铁颗粒(<10m)的比表面积只有0.49m²/g;当钯化率为0.0666%,纳米Pd/Fe用量在6g/L时,氯酚脱氯率达到90%以上,在相同的处理效果下,常规Pd/Fe的使用量为纳米Pd/Fe的20倍左右,纳米Pd/Fe催化氯酚的脱氯降解遵循一级反应动力学.     

纳米Fe/Ni还原水中2,4-二氯酚途径及pH的影响

利用改性纳米Fe/Ni双金属还原降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),考察了p H对Fe/Ni还原降解2,4-DCP的效率的影响。结果表明:当p H=5.5,反应时间为120 h时,由于吸附及还原2种作用,Fe/Ni对水中2,4-DCP的去除率接近100%,且47.0%的2,4-DCP被脱氯还原为苯酚。p H5.5时,Fe0被腐蚀消耗较多,且H+会与2,4-DCP争夺电子,不利于还原反应的进行;p H5.5时,因参与脱氯还原的H+不足及铁氢氧化物沉淀覆盖活性位点,导致还原降解效率随着p H升高而降低。通过分析中间产物和最终产物的浓度变化,明确了2,4-DCP的还原降解途径:(1)2,4-DCP被Fe/Ni还原脱去一个氯生成2-氯酚或4-氯酚,然后继续脱氯生成苯酚;(2)2,4-DCP直接被脱去2个氯生成苯酚。     

镍质量比对纳米Fe/Ni还原水中2,4-二氯酚的影响

采用置换沉积法制备Fe/Ni双金属以还原降解2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),测定了置换液中Ni2+与纳米铁质量比(MNi2+/MFe)不同时所制备的Fe/Ni双金属中的镍含量,考察了镍质量比对Fe/Ni还原2,4-DCP效率的影响,结果表明,随着MNi2+/MFe增大,Fe/Ni双金属中的镍含量增加,并且对2,4-DCP的还原效率也相应提高。当MNi2+/MFe增至40%时,对2,4-DCP的去除率最高,接近100%,且82.0%的2,4-DCP被完全脱氯还原为苯酚,SEM结果也表明该比例制备的Fe/Ni较分散、粒径较小。Fe/Ni与2,4-DCP反应后,Fe0被氧化为铁氧化物Fe3O4、Fe2O3或Fe O(OH)。     

EDTA对Pd/Fe体系还原脱氯2,4-D的影响

针对Pd/Fe体系对含氯有机物催化还原脱氯过程中,零价铁易腐蚀并在颗粒表面形成钝化层,阻碍目标污染物的进一步脱氯去除,本研究利用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)与Fe2+和Fe3+的络合作用,消除Pd/Fe颗粒表面的钝化层,使还原脱氯过程得到持续进行.实验考察了EDTA的投加方式和投加量、p H、钯负载率、温度等因素对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)还原脱氯的影响.结果表明:1EDTA浓度为25.0 mmol·L-1、投加速率为20 m L·h-1时,苯氧乙酸(PA)生成率在20 min达到了90.7%.而未加EDTA的反应体系,反应210 min后,PA的生成率仅为74.5%;2EDTA可以络合Pd/Fe体系在催化脱氯过程中生成的Fe2+和Fe3+,防止或减缓了Pd/Fe颗粒表面钝化层的形成,提高了反应活性;3适宜的2,4-D催化脱氯条件为:浓度25.0mmol·L-1的EDTA溶液,投加速率20 m L·h-1、初始p H为4.2、钯负载率0.050%、温度30.0℃、搅拌速率200 r·min-1,反应210 min,20.0 mg·L-1的2,4-D几乎可完全转化为PA;42,4-D催化脱氯的中间产物主要是2-氯苯氧乙酸及微量的4-氯苯氧乙酸,最终产物为苯氧乙酸.     

Enhanced dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol by recoverable Ni/Fe–Fe3O4 nanocomposites

Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites were synthesized for dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP). The effects of the Ni content in Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites, solution pH, and common dissolved ions on the dechlorination efficiency were investigated, in addition to the reusability of the nanocomposites. The results showed that increasing content of Ni in Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites, from 1 to 5 wt.%, greatly increased the dechlorination efficiency; the Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites had much higher dechlorination efficiency than bare Ni/Fe nanoparticles. Ni content of 5 wt.% and initial p H below 6.0 was found to be the optimal conditions for the catalytic dechlorination of 2,4-DCP. Both 2,4-DCP and the intermediate product 2-chlorophenol(2-CP) were completely removed, and the concentration of the final product phenol was close to the theoretical phenol production from complete dechlorination of 20 mg/L of 2,4-DCP, after 3 hr reaction at initial p H value of 6.0,3 g/L Ni/Fe-Fe_3O_4 , 5 wt.% Ni content in the composite, and temperature of 22℃. 2,4-DCP dechlorination was enhanced by Cl-and inhibited by NO3-and SO_4~(2-). The nanocomposites were easily separated from the solution by an applied magnetic field. When the catalyst was reused, the removal efficiency of 2,4-DCP was almost 100% for the first seven uses, and gradually decreased to 75% in cycles 8–10. Therefore, the Ni/Fe–Fe_3O_4 nanocomposites can be considered as a potentially effective tool for remediation of pollution by 2,4-DCP.     

Pd-MWCNTs-泡沫镍电极对2,4-二氯苯酚的电催化加氢脱氯研究

为发展废水中氯代酚的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用"浸渍-干燥-电沉积"法制备钯-多壁碳纳米管-泡沫镍电极,研究电极对2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的去除能力和动力学特征,并探讨了2,4-DCP的脱氯机理.结果表明,在MWCNTs和Pd负载量分别为0.7 mg·cm^-2和0.01 mmol·cm^-2时制备的电极对2,4-DCP去除效果最好;掺入多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）可增大电极的表面积,提高Pd的分散性,增强电极的催化效率.当Na₂SO₄浓度为0.05 mol·L^-1,工作电压为-1 V,反应液初始pH为7时,50 mg·L^-1的2,4-DCP降解90 min的去除率达到99.74%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型,速率常数为0.0667 min^-1.采用高效液相色谱法监测2,4-DCP的降解产物,发现苯酚为2,4-DCP还原的最终产物,降解途径包括直接脱去2个氯原子转化为苯酚和分步脱去2个氯原子再转化为苯酚,但以直接脱去2个氯原子为主要途径.活性基淬灭实验证明,电极通过产生的吸附态氢原子（H_ads）对2,4-DCP进行加氢脱氯.     

pH值对纳米零价铁吸附降解2,4-二氯苯酚的影响

在不同pH条件下,对纳米铁(颗粒粒径为30～40 nm)及其降解2,4-二氯苯酚反应体系进行取样,并进行透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱联用(SEM-EDX)以及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)等形貌观测与分析表征,以考察pH值在纳米零价铁降解氯酚反应过程中的影响和作用.结果表明,在降解2,4-二氯苯酚的过程中纳米铁由分散的颗粒逐渐团聚,其表面逐渐氧化,并最终被呈针状结晶的碱式氧化亚铁(FeOOH)覆盖,从而阻碍了降解反应的进一步进行.在酸性体系中,纳米零价铁的氧化和团聚现象有所缓解,尽管会造成一部分铁量的损失,但反应产生大量的亚铁离子参与并促进了脱氯降解反应的进行,反应过程中溶液pH值有逐渐升高的趋势.不同pH条件下,纳米铁对氯酚的去除率随pH值的降低而升高,酸性条件有利于提高氯酚的还原降解速率,当pH=3时,24 h内氯酚的去除率可达到90%以上.     

Preparation and characterization of Pd/Fe bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on Al2O3/PVDF membrane: Parameter optimization and dechlorination of dichloroacetic acid

Using a liquid–solid phase inversion method, a hybrid matrix poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) membrane was prepared with alumina(Al2O3) nanoparticle addition. Pd/Fe nanoparticles(NPs) were successfully immobilized on the Al2O3/PVDF membrane, which was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). The micrographs showed that the Pd/Fe NPs were dispersed homogeneously. Several important experimental parameters were optimized, including the mechanical properties, contact angle and surface area of Al2O3/PVDF composite membranes with different Al2O3 contents. At the same time, the ferrous ion concentration and the effect of hydrophilization were studied. The results showed that the modified Al2O3/PVDF membrane functioned well as a support. The Al2O3/PVDF membrane with immobilized Pd/Fe NPs exhibited high efficiency in terms of dichloroacetic acid(DCAA) dechlorination. Additionally, a reaction pathway for DCAA dechlorination by Pd/Fe NPs immobilized on the Al2O3/PVDF membrane system was proposed.     

A high activity of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode in the electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution was investigated over Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode. The factors influencing the degradation rate, such as applied current density (2-40 mA/cm²), pH (3-11) and initial concentration (5-200 mg/L) were evaluated. The degradation of 2,4-DCP followed apparent pseudo first-order kinetics. The degradation ratio on Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode attained > 99.9% after 20 min of electrolysis at initial 5-200 mg/L concentrations at a constant current density of 30 mA/cm² with a 10 mmol/L sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) supporting electrolyte solution. The results showed that 2,4-DCP (100 mg/L) degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal ratio achieved 99.9% and 92.8%, respectively, at the optimal conditions after 30 min electrolysis. Under this condition, the degradation rate constant (k) and the degradation half-life (t_1/2) were 0.21 min^-1 and (2.8±0.2) min, respectively. Mainly carboxylic acids (propanoic acid, maleic acid, propanedioic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were detected as intermediates. The energy efficiencies for 2,4-DCP degradation (5-200 mg/L) with Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode ranged from 0.672 to 1.602 g/kWh. The Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode with a high activity to rapid organic oxidation could be employed to degrade chlorophenols, particularly 2,4-DCP in wastewater.     

ZVI/EDDS/Air体系降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

建立零价铁(ZVI)、乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)和曝气三者组成的类Fenton(ZVI/EDDS/Air)处理体系,考察了初始EDDS浓度、铁粉投加量、曝气速率、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)浓度、初始pH以及反应温度等对水溶液中2,4-DCP降解的影响.结果表明,该体系能有效降解2,4-DCP,并且其降解规律符合准一级动力学方程.在2,4-DCP质量浓度100 mg·L-1、EDDS浓度0.80 mmol.L-1、铁粉投加量20 g·L-1、曝气速率为2 L.(min.L)-1的最佳实验条件下室温反应1 h,2,4-DCP的降解率达到99%.ZVI/EDDS/Air体系对氯酚的降解较ZVI/EDTA/Air体系具有环境友好、反应条件温和,而且对2,4-DCP的降解效果好等优点.     

RGO/TiO2光催化降解2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸研究

通过Hummers法及紫外光/热还原工艺制得还原氧化石墨烯(RGO),采用溶胶-凝胶-煅烧法,以RGO和钛酸酊脂为前驱体制备出RGO/TiO2光催化复合材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR等对其进行了表征.对RGO/TiO2光催化降解性能的研究发现,复合光催化剂RGO/TiO2对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)的光催化降解活性显著优于纯TiO2,并且发现负载量和pH值对光催化降解性能有较大的影响:RGO/TiO2投加量为1.2g·L~(-1)、RGO负载量2%、pH为3、初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)反应12 h,2,4-D去除率达到98.75%;2,4-D降解率随着RGO/TiO2投加量的增大先增大后减小;RGO/TiO2对2,4-D的降解为脱氯还原和催化氧化过程,产生氯酚、苯酚等中间产物.