生态条件对离体瘤胃菌丛数量和菌群的影响

本文通过在模拟瘤胃发酵装置内进行动物体外瘤胃菌丛发酵生态条件动态变化对细菌数量和菌群的影响研究，发现温度４０℃、每小时搅动２０分钟是９０５２３－１瘤胃菌丛的最佳生长条件。瘤胃球菌随Ｃ／Ｎ的减小而增加，而Ｃ／Ｎ高的条件下更有利于弧菌的生长。     

一株纤维素分解茵利用枳实废渣产酶条件的研究

以枳实废渣为碳源，对产纤维素酶G2茵进行固体发酵，通过测定FPA、CMC、C1酶活的大小，对其产酶条件进行优化研究。结果表明产酶最适条件为：枳实在发酵前需进行酸处理；氮源为硫酸铵；含水率为70％；初始pH为5～6；发酵周期为6天。在以上最适条件下，G2菌酶活力为FPA：31．8IU／ml，CMC：11．86IU／ml，C1：15．79IU／ml。     

不同生境下瘤胃菌丛菌体密度与VFA的关系

在温度，搅动强度和Ｃ／Ｎ经３个生态因素发生梯度变化的情况下，本文在人工瘤胃装置内对瘤胃菌从９５０２３－１进行了连续发酵试验，逐日测定瘤肋细菌数量和ＶＦＡ产量的变化，对两者之间的关系进行了相关和回归分析。     

人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺在成都通过专家鉴定

由四川省科委下达,四川省自然资源研究所承担的重点研究项目“人工瘤胃发酵饲料工业生产技术研究”于5月22日在成都通过专家鉴定。人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺是在70年代农业部组织全国联合攻关的研究基础上,又经过3年一系列严格科学实验和中间试验而形成的整套技术。其特点是:采用富纤维培养基试管密封法筛选和保存瘤胃纤维分解菌系,经扩大继代和特制压块机生产瘤胃微生物块曲。在厌氧保温发酵罐中     

二氧化氯杀菌处理石化循环冷却水

以硫酸盐还原菌，铁细菌以及异养菌数为指标，研究二氧化氯对石化厂循环冷却水的杀菌效果。考察了二氧化氯投加量，杀菌时间，温度及pH以及余氯量随时间的变化。结果表明，在CLO2投加量为3mg／L、灭菌时间为90min时，出水细菌数即可达到化工行业循环冷却水处理标准，并且余氯可在0．5-1．0mg／L范围内维持2h。温度和pH的改变对杀菌效果影响不大。     

水蒸气活化烟杆制造活性炭及孔结构表征

以烟杆为原料，以水蒸气为活化剂，采用正交实验研究了水蒸气流量、活化时间和活化温度对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响，最佳工艺条件为活化温度900℃，时间为30分钟，水蒸气流量3．09mL／min，在此条件下制得活性炭产品的碘吸附值为946．52mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值为21mL／0，1g，得率为32．64％。同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线，并通过BET、H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论（DFT）表征了活性炭的孔结构。结果表明：该活性炭为微孔孔型，BET比表面积为1044m^2／g，总孔体积为0．5870mL／g，微孔体积占总孔体积的72．03％，中孔占26．92％。大孔占1．05％。     

一株产黄色素海洋细菌的筛选、鉴定及其发酵条件优化

从威海近海采得的藻类植物经过破碎和分离筛选,得到一株产生黄色素的海洋细菌,编号为SS16.通过对SS16菌株的菌落形态观察和16SrRNA基因序列测定,分析结果显示该菌株为拉塞尔佐贝尔氏菌(Zobellia russellii).为了提高SS16菌株黄色素产量,采用单因素实验设计对SS16菌株进行发酵条件优化.结果表明,当发酵条件为蛋白胨和牛肉膏作为碳、氮源,pH6.78,盐度低于1％,以占摇瓶1/5的培养量在28℃条件下发酵培养48h,海洋细菌SS16所产黄色素的量达到最大.     

高效微生物秸秆腐熟剂技术

正由湖南泰谷生物科技股份有限公司开发的高效微生物秸秆腐熟剂技术,适用于传统种植业废弃物的处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理利用可溶性秸秆腐熟剂处理秸秆的生物处理技术,以秸秆生物发酵替代部分化肥,以拮抗菌代替部分农药,腐熟剂内含枯草芽孢杆菌、哈茨木霉、米曲霉、放线菌、生物酶、纤维分解菌、半纤维素分解菌、木质素分解菌、蛋白质分解菌、氨、硫化氢分解菌等多种活性菌,能快速分解农业秸秆中所含纤维素、半纤维素、木质素,将秸秆堆料中     

二氧化碳活化对蜂窝活性炭制备及其性能的影响

在以糠醛渣碳粉、粘土、酚醛树脂和羧甲基纤维素制备了蜂窝碳产品并炭化的基础上，研究了CO2活化制取蜂窝活性炭产品时活化温度、活化时间、CO2流量的影响，得出了最佳制备条件是活化温度850℃、活化时间150min、CO2流量150ml／min，并就蜂窝活性炭产品的脱硫性能及流体力学性能与其它形态活性炭进行了对比。结果表明，蜂窝活性炭的脱硫率及累积脱硫量较高，压降较低。     

土壤湿度和机械长度对棉花秸秆分解率的影响

新疆棉花秸秆产量巨大,但是棉花秸秆的木质素和纤维素含量较高,不易被分解,很难作为饲料利用。本文研究了棉花秸秆在不同条件（土壤水分、棉花机械长度）处理下的分解速率。从土壤水分条件来看,棉花秸秆在50%土壤饱和含水量下的分解最为理想,其分解率在100 d后达到54.08%;从棉花秸秆粉碎程度来看,棉花秸秆粉碎越细越有利于其分解,但是3 cm处理100 d后分解率为54.12%,而1 cm处理100 d后分解率只有47.42%,说明棉花秸秆分解需要一定的孔隙度。另外,棉花秸秆分解之后对土壤肥力也有很大影响。此次试验结果可为推广大田试验提供科学依据。     

Mercury volatilization by the most mercury-resistant bacteria from the seawater of Minamata Bay in various physiological conditions

The volatilization of mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) and methyl mercuric chloride (CH₃HgCl) by the 45 strains (35 Pseudoalteromonas sp., 2 Vibrio sp., 1 Aeromonas sp., and 7 unclassified) of the most mercury-resistant bacteria from Minamata Bay seawater was examined in various physiological conditions. The bacteria could grow and volatilize HgCl₂ in the liquid medium containing 1-10% NaCl. Two Pseudoalteromonas strains could grow and volatilize HgCl₂ at pH levels ranging from 5.0 to 10.0. The resting cells of 43 strains could volatilize HgCl₂ at concentrations ranging from 30 to 68% after 1-h incubation at 30vv°C. The resting cells of 41 strains could volatilize CH₃HgCl at concentrations ranging from 13 to 88% after 1-h incubation at 30vv°C. Ninety-two percent of mercury was removed from the phosphate buffer containing 0.1 7g/ml by a resting cell of Pseudoalteromonas strain H-4 after 30-min incubation at 30vv°C. We were able to screen the special bacteria, which could volatilize mercury compounds at a high rate in various physiological conditions, for the purpose of developing mercury removal methods using bacteria.     

Influence of organic waste type and soil structure on the bacterial filtration rates in unsaturated intact soil columns

Organic wastes are considered to be a source for the potentially pathogenic microorganisms found in surface and sub-surface water resources. Following their release from the organic waste matrix, bacteria often infiltrate into soil and may be transported to significant depths contaminating aquifers. We investigated the influence of soil texture and structure and most importantly the organic waste properties on the transport and filtration coefficients of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in undisturbed soil columns. Intact soil columns (diameter 16 cm and height 25 cm) were collected from two soils: sandy clay loam (SCL) and loamy sand (LS) in Hamadan, western Iran. The cores were amended with cow manure, poultry manure and sewage sludge at a rate of 10 Mg ha(-1) (dry basis). The amended soil cores were leached at a steady-state flux of 4.8 cm h(-1) (i.e. 0.12 of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the SCL) to a total volume of up to 4 times the pore volume of the columns. The influent (C(0)) and effluent (C) were sampled at similar time intervals during the experiments and bacterial concentrations were measured by the plate count method. Cumulative numbers of the leached bacteria, filtration coefficient (lambda(f)), and relative adsorption index (S(R)) were calculated. The preferential pathways and stable structure of the SCL facilitated the rapid transport and early appearance of the bacteria in the effluent. The LS filtered more bacteria when compared with the SCL. The effluent contamination of poultry manure-treated columns was greater than the cow manure- and sewage sludge-treated ones. The difference between cow manure and sewage sludge was negligible. The lambda(f) and S(R) values for E. coli and total bacteria were greater in the LS than in the SCL. This indicates a predominant role for the physical pore-obstruction filtration mechanisms as present in the poorly structured LS vs. the retention at adsorptive sites (chemical filtration) more likely in the better structured SCL. While the results confirmed the significant role of soil structure and preferential (macroporous) pathways, manure type was proven to have a major role in determining the maximum penetration risk of bacteria by governing filtration of bacteria. Thus while the numbers of bacteria in waste may be of significance for shallow aquifers, the type of waste may determine the risk for microbial contamination of deep aquifers.     

Regional patterns of soil organic carbon stocks in China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is of great importance in the global carbon cycle. Distribution patterns of SOC in various regions of China constitute a nation-wide baseline for studies on soil carbon changes. This paper presents an integrated and multi-level study on SOC stock patterns of China, and presents baseline SOC stock estimates by great administrative regions, river watersheds, soil type regions and ecosystem. The assignment is done by means of a recently completed 1: 1,000,000 scale soil database of China, which is the most detailed and reliable one in China at the present time. SOC densities of 7292 soil profiles collected across China in the middle of the 1980s were calculated and then linked to corresponding polygons in a digital soil map, resulting in a SOC Density Map of China on a 1: 1,000,000 scale, and a 1 km x 1 km grid map. Corresponding maps of administrative regions, river watersheds, soil types (ST), and ecosystems in China were also prepared with an identical resolution and coordinate control points, allowing GIS analyses. Results show that soils in China cover an area of 9.281 x 10(6)km(2) in total, with a total SOC stock of 89.14 Pg (1 Pg=10(15)g) and a mean SOC density of 96.0 t C/ha. Confidence limits of the SOC stock and density in China are estimated as [89.23 Pg, 89.08 Pg] and [96.143 t C/ha, 95.981 t C/ha] at 95% probability, respectively. The largest total SOC stock (23.60 Pg) is found in South-west China while the highest mean SOC density (181.9 t C/ha) is found in north-east China. The total SOC stock and the mean SOC density in the Yangtze river watershed are 21.05 Pg and 120.0 t C/ha, respectively, while the corresponding figures in the Yellow river watershed are 8.46 Pg and 104.3 t C/ha, respectively. The highest total SOC stocks are found in Inceptisols (34.39 Pg) with SOC density of 102.8 t C/ha. The lowest and highest mean SOC densities are found on Entisols (28.1 t C/ha), and on Histosols (994.728.1 t C/ha), respectively. Finally, the total SOC stock in shrub and forest ecosystem classes are 25.55 and 21.50 Pg, respectively; the highest mean SOC density (209.9 t C/ha) was recorded in the wetland ecosystem class and the lowest (29.0 t C/ha) in the desert ecosystem class. Among five forest ecosystem types, Evergreen conifer forest stores the highest SOC stock (6.81 Pg), and Deciduous conifer forest shows the highest SOC density (225.9 t C/ha). Figures of SOC stocks stratified by Administrative regions, river watersheds, soil types and ecosystem types presented in the study may constitute national-wide baseline for studies of SOC stock changes in various regions in the future.     

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by Nitrosomonas spp. and anammox bacteria in a sequencing batch reactor

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was inoculated with mixed nitrifying bacteria from an anoxic tank at the conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in Nongkhaem, Bangkok, Thailand. This enriched nitrifying culture was maintained under anaerobic conditions using ammonium (NH(4)(+)) as an electron donor and nitrite (NO(2)(-)) as an electron acceptor. Autotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacteria survived under these conditions. The enrichment period for anammox culture was over 100 days. Both ammonium and nitrite conversion rates were proportional to the biomass of ammonium oxidizing bacteria; rates were 0.08 g N/gV SS/d and 0.05 g N/g VSS/d for ammonium and nitrite, respectively, in a culture maintained for 3 months at 42 mg N/L ammonium. The nitrogen transformation rate at a ratio of NH(4)(+)-N to NO(2)(-)-N of 1:1.38 was faster, and effluent nitrogen levels were lower, than at ratios of 1:0.671, 1:2.18, and 1:3.05. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to identify specific autotrophic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp., Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis). The ammonium oxidizing culture maintained at 42 mg N/L ammonium was enriched for Nitrosomonas spp. (30%) over Candidati B. anammoxidans and K. stuttgartiensis (2.1%) while the culture maintained at 210 mg N/L ammonium was dominated by Candidati B. anammoxidans and K. stuttgartiensis (85.6%). The specific nitrogen removal rate of anammox bacteria (0.6 g N/g anammox VSS/d) was significantly higher than that of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (0.4 g N/g Nitrosomonas VSS/d). Anammox bacteria removed up to 979 mg N/L/d of total nitrogen (ammonium:nitrite concentrations, 397:582 mg N/L). These results suggest significant promise of this approach for application to wastewater with high nitrogen but low carbon content, such as that found in Bangkok.     

氨氮降解菌最佳培养条件及降解动力学研究＊

从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛选分离得到一株高效氨氮降解菌AD-5,研究了温度、pH值、摇床转速以及接种量对降解菌AD-5的影响。实验结果表明:降解菌AD-5最适生长温度为35℃,最适宜培养基pH为7,最适宜摇床转速为120r/min,100mLLB液体培养基,最适宜的接种量为6.0mL。在最佳培养条件下菌株AD-5具有更高的活性。菌种AD-5对氨氮的降解动力学实验结果表明:氨氮的残留浓度Y与时间X符合方程Y=73.3836e(-0.07722)X。     

聚丙烯酰胺降解菌的分离和鉴定

三次采油产生的大量含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的污水急需处理,其核心问题是PAM的生物化学降解。文章叙述了从含聚合物油田污水中分离到七株PAM降解菌的过程,并对其营养物体系进行了初步研究及分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,分离到的七株菌可以以PAM为唯一氮源和碳源进行生长,但是生长速度较慢,添加液蜡或酵母膏等可导致微生物菌群的共代谢,能加快PAM的生物降解。七株菌分别归类于放线杆菌纲和α-变形菌纲及芽孢杆菌,与数据库中已知菌的同源性均超过98%。     

中原文南油田文95块注水系统腐蚀因素研究

对文南油田文95块注水系统的腐蚀状况及因素进行了调查研究。注水管线随运行时间的延长穿孔次数明显增加，腐蚀类型主要是焊缝腐蚀，蚀孔多在管线底部。针对输送介质、材质、焊缝与结垢进行分析研究，结果表明注入水中C1-和S2-含量偏高，水体呈酸性，且含有大量的硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）和腐生菌（TGB），不均匀的结垢，焊接工艺质量差及管线材质化学成分的不均匀性是造成管线腐蚀的重要原因。防治措施是提高文二联污水站水质达标率，采取内防腐，杜绝焊缝缺陷。     

压裂返排液生物处理实验研究

从油田压裂返排液中筛选出EB系列菌种,可高效降解压裂返排液中的高分子和有机污染物。考察了振荡时间、温度、接种量、菌种混合比例等对压裂返排液COD去除率的影响。结果表明:48h振荡、25℃、10%接种量、菌种EB1和EB2按1∶1比例混合是较佳应用条件。EB复合菌种的应用范围较广,其pH值适用范围为6～9,矿化度适用范围为3 000～20 000mg/L。该研究提高了压裂返排液生物处理技术规模化应用的可行性。     

苯酚降解菌Y_1的分离与鉴定

旨在从微生物降解的角度出发,解决苯酚大量应用带来的含酚废水对环境污染问题.采用富集培养、驯化筛选和平板划线等方法,从某化工厂废水中分离得到4株苯酚降解菌.利用4-氨基吡啉分光光度法测定其苯酚降解能力,筛选出降解率较高的菌株Y_1.经形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,将该菌初步鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Ba...     

Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition

The effect of fish waste (FW), abattoir wastewater (AW) and waste activated sludge (WAS) addition as co-substrates on the fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) anaerobic digestion performance was investigated under mesophilic conditions using four anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR) with the aim of finding the better co-substrate for the enhanced performance of co-digestion. The reactors were operated at an organic loading rate of 2.46–2.51 g volatile solids (VS) l⁻¹ d⁻¹, of which approximately 90% were from FVW, and a hydraulic retention time of 10 days. It was observed that AW and WAS additions with a ratio of 10% VS enhanced biogas yield by 51.5% and 43.8% and total volatile solids removal by 10% and 11.7%, respectively. However FW addition led to improvement of the process stability, as indicated by the low VFAs/Alkalinity ratio of 0.28, and permitted anaerobic digestion of FVW without chemical alkali addition. Despite a considerable decrease in the C/N ratio from 34.2 to 27.6, the addition of FW slightly improved the gas production yield (8.1%) compared to anaerobic digestion of FVW alone. A C/N ratio between 22 and 25 seemed to be better for anaerobic co-digestion of FVW with its co-substrates. The most significant factor for enhanced FVW digestion performance was the improved organic nitrogen content provided by the additional wastes. Consequently, the occurrence of an imbalance between the different groups of anaerobic bacteria which may take place in unstable anaerobic digestion of FVW could be prevented.