1株低温石油烃降解菌的分类鉴定及降解特性研究

从渤海油船泄漏区域的海底泥中筛选到1株能降解柴油的低温石油烃降解菌T7-2,初步鉴定为红平红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis).研究表明,利用工业乙醇无机盐培养基培养液体种子是适宜的,其最适温度和pH分别为15℃和7.8,工业乙醇最适加入量为0.5％,菌体浓度为10⁸ CFU/mL.接种人工海水烃降解培养基后,通过补加氮源 (NH₄)₂SO₄ 2.64　g/L、磷源Na₂HPO₄ 2.5 g/L和酵母粉 0.015 g/L后,15℃振荡培养7　d,降解率可以达到73.2％.该菌降解烷烃的范围很广泛,C12～C36均有不同程度的降解.     

驯化活性污泥对邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯的降解

活性污泥对邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)降解研究结果表明,活性污泥能在1d内降解90%以上的BBP,是一高效的邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯降解菌群.活性污泥对邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯降解符合一级动力学特征,在100、300和500mg·L^-1浓度范围内的降解动力学方程分别为lnc=-0.0699x+5.6171、lnc=-0.0683x+8.4083、lnc=-0.0583x+7.2806,半衰期为9.92、10.15、11.89h,降解速率常数kb为0.0699、0.0683、0.0583d^-1.其降解速率常数随着BBP浓度增加而降低,说明高浓度的邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯对其生物降解有抑制作用.另外,采用HPLC-MSⁿ方法从活性污泥对邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯的降解物中鉴定出2种产物,分别为邻苯二甲酸丁酯和邻苯二甲酸苄酯,降解途径是邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯先生成单酯,然后变成邻苯二甲酸,最终氧化成CO₂和H₂O.     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.     

对氨基苯磺酸生物降解动力学及降解机制研究

对菌株Pannonibactersp.W1在好氧条件下降解对氨基苯磺酸的动力学进行了研究,发现4-ABS初始浓度为中低浓度(50～1 000 mg/L)时, 14 h内几乎可以完全降解,符合一级降解动力学特征;初始浓度为高浓度(1 200～2 500 mg/L)时,32 h内4-ABS的降解率可达90%以上,且在降解初期符合零级降解动力学特征,而降解后期符合一级降解动力学特征.利用Haldane抑制模型能够很好地拟合不同4-ABS初始浓度下测得的比降解速率,得到模型参数分别为：最大比降解速率μmax=227.977 mg/(g·h),饱和常数K_s=84.306 mg/L,抑制常数Ki=1270.675 mg/L.通过4-ABS降解过程中的紫外扫描和HPLC检测分析,以及菌株W1对不同苯系物的降解能力,说明4-ABS降解过程中几乎没有芳香类中间产物的积累,并初步推测了菌株W1降解4-ABS的代谢途径.     

不同菌源的微生物对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯生物降解性的比较

从处理石化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出1株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌FS1(荧光假单胞菌,Pseudomonas fluorescens),从处理焦化厂废水的活性污泥中分离出2株邻苯二甲酸酯降解菌FS2(铜绿假单胞菌,Pseudomonas aeruginasa)、FS3(短杆菌,Bre-vibacterium sp.).研究FS1、FS2和FS3对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的最适降解条件,比较了其降解特性.FS1、FS2和FS3最适酸度分别为pH6.5～8.0、pH7.0～8.0和pH7.0～8.0,温度为20～35℃、15～35℃和15～35℃.FS1、FS2、FS3对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯的降解的半寿期:FS1＜FS2＜FS3,FS1是1株高效的邻苯二甲酸二乙酯降解菌.     

UV/H2Ｏ2/微曝气联用工艺矿化内分泌干扰物BPA试验研究

采用UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺对水中内分泌干扰物双酚A(BPA)的降解与矿化进行了试验研究.该工艺是在UV/H₂Ｏ₂的基础上发展起来的一种新工艺,微曝气在UV光照射下产生了一定量的O₃,提高了·OH的发生率.本试验研究了UV光强、H₂Ｏ₂投加量以及pH值对BPA矿化速率的影响.结果表明,随着UV光强的增大,BPA的矿化速率呈线性增加;当H₂Ｏ₂投加量由5 mg/L增大到20 mg/L时,BPA矿化速率常数k由0.003 2上升到0.025 0;当pH为6.68时,在相同条件下BPA的矿化效果最好.在同一工况条件下,UV/H₂Ｏ₂/微曝气工艺降解BPA的速率远远大于其矿化速率,分析得出在开始反应阶段BPA首先被降解为小分子有机物,随着反应的进一步进行小分子有机物逐步被矿化为无机物.     

TiO2/SiO2催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B的表观动力学

采用多孔硅胶为载体的TiO₂/SiO₂光催化剂,建立了三相内循环流化床光催化氧化体系,并以罗丹明B染料为典型污染物,研究其降解规律.通过对罗丹明B降解过程的表观动力学研究,发现在该体系中罗丹明B的降解并不符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应动力学模型.实验表明,其降解反应动力学符合双曲型模式,即降解率的倒数1/X和时间的倒数1/t成线性关系.反应速率常数与反应物初始浓度无关,与光源强度和相对体积能量吸收速率成正比.将不同实验条件下的罗丹明B的降解率实测值与模型计算值相比较,二者能很好吻合,平均相对偏差仅为3.25%.     

菌株Sphingomonas sp. FL降解溴氨酸的特性研究

分离了1株溴氨酸降解菌,其可以溴氨酸为唯一碳源进行降解并使其脱色,通过16S rRNA基因序列比较和生理生化特性分析,将其归为鞘氨醇单胞菌属.溴氨酸降解和菌株生长的最适条件为：温度30℃,pH 7.0,摇床转速100 r/min ,(NH₄)₂SO₄作为氮源,在此条件下,溴氨酸（100 mg/L）在14 h内的脱色率可达99%.低浓度NaCl（<2%）对脱色有促进作用,而高浓度NaCl（≥2%）对脱色产生抑制.以Haldane底物抑制模型表征溴氨酸初始浓度对脱色的影响,确定当初始浓度为1 393.5 mg/L 时可取得最佳比降解速率1.4 h^-1.菌株不能将溴氨酸完全矿化,至反应终点52.4%的有机碳得到去除.利用GC-MS和HPLC-MS分析代谢产物显示,溴氨酸降解的中间产物是邻苯二甲酸,终产物可能为2-氨基-3-羟基-5-溴苯磺酸或2-氨基-4-羟基-5-溴苯磺酸,邻苯二甲酸可经3,4-二羟基苯甲酸途径进一步降解而被菌体利用.     

宏基因组揭示紫色土中邻苯二甲酸酯去除的微生物学机制

邻苯二甲酸酯具有内分泌干扰特性,在环境中持久存在,其去除机制备受关注.为探究邻苯二甲酸酯在紫色农田土壤中的去除机制、关键微生物及功能基因,以邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）为目标污染物,分别设置含量为0、5、10和20 mg·kg^-1的单一污染土壤,避光培养90 d,利用宏基因组技术探究其去除的微生物生态学机制.结果表明,DBP和DEHP在土壤中的降解动态均符合一级动力学降解模型,半衰期介于17.0~38.2 d之间,5 mg·kg^-1的DBP降解速率最快,依次快于10 mg·kg^-1的DEHP、5 mg·kg^-1的DBP、5 mg·kg^-1的DEHP以及20 mg·kg^-1的DBP和DEHP.第7 d和15 d的土壤样品间细菌群落结构存在显著差异,放线菌门相对丰度随时间不断提升,且与DBP或DEHP半衰期呈反比.物种共现网络分析筛选出变形菌门的Pandoraea属为群落中的关键物种,可以用来指示DBP和DEHP污染程度.KEGG功能注释结果表明,Pandoraea在群落中负责酯键水解、苯甲酸降解、群体感应、ABC转运和双组分系统等功能,可以促进邻苯二甲酸酯上下游降解、细胞通讯和其它降解菌的生长繁殖,以此维持群落结构的稳定.由此可见,紫色土中,DBP和DEHP的去除效率取决于初始含量和自身性质,放线菌门的细菌在降解中扮演重要角色,Pandoraea在促进邻苯二甲酸酯降解和调节降解菌群结构和功能的稳定中均发挥关键作用.     

对氨基苯磺酸降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

对大连某城市污水处理厂活性污泥进行长期驯化,筛选得到好氧条件下以对氨基苯磺酸（4-aminobenzenesulphonate,4-ABS）为唯一碳源和能源生长的高效降解菌株W1.根据菌株W1的形态特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为Pannonibacter菌属.通过考察生长条件对降解效果的影响,确定了该菌株降解4-ABS的优化条件为：接种量10%、　30℃、　pH 7、摇床转速150 r/min,并且在有外加碳源的情况下仍保持较高的4-ABS降解活性.在4-ABS的降解过程中,4-ABS自身含有的氨基和磺酸基会以NH⁺₄和SO^2-₄的形式释放到水体中,但浓度仅为理论释放量的77.6%和91.5%,推测原因是部分释放的NH⁺₄和SO^2-₄被菌株W1作为氮源和硫源利用;菌株W1可以耐受2 500 mg/L的4-ABS,且在32 h内实现90%的降解率;4-ABS降解率为94.7%时,可以实现84.4%的TOC去除率,且没有检测到其它芳香化合物生成,表明菌株W1可以实现4-ABS的彻底矿化.     

聚丙烯酰胺生物降解研究

研究了黄孢原毛平革菌对聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的生物降解,从葡萄糖的加入量、pH、N浓度、Mn²⁺浓度和降解时间5个方面考察了对PAM降解的影响.结果表明,黄孢原毛平革菌对聚丙烯酰胺具有特殊的酶催化降解的能力,降解率可达50%,限氮条件(NH₄⁺=0.2g/L)和Mn2+浓度(Mn²⁺=0.017 5g/L)是菌株产聚丙烯酰胺降解酶的最佳条件.     

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture, predominantly Pseudomonas sp., was enriched from a sewage treatment plant, and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks. A 2² full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels and different initial concentration ranges (low and high), was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments. The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when present at low concentrations of 100 mg/L for each, and at high concentration of 600 mg/L for each, a maximum time of 187 h was observed for their removal. The biodegradation results also showed that the presence of phenol in low concentration range (100–300 mg/L) did not inhibit m-cresol biodegradation. Whereas the presence of m-cresol inhibited phenol biodegradation by the culture. Moreover, irrespective of the concentrations used, phenol was degraded preferentially and earlier than m-cresol. A sum kinetics model was used to describe the variation in the substrate specific degradation rates, which gave a high coefficient of determination value (R² > 0.98) at the low concentration range of the substrates. From the estimated interaction parameter values obtained from this model, the inhibitory effect of phenol on m-cresol degradation by the culture was found to be more pronounced compared to that of m-cresol on phenol. This study showed a good potential of the indigenous mixed culture in degrading mixed substrate of phenolics.     

非离子型表面活性剂强化混合菌降解间二甲苯的性能研究

从焦化废水厂的活性污泥中筛选间二甲苯混合降解菌,并研究非离子型表面活性剂吐温80(C_(64)H_(124)O_(26))对混合菌降解间二甲苯的强化作用.研究结果表明:驯化后的间二甲苯混合降解菌以产黄杆菌属(Rhodanobacter sp.)为主,占比41.2%;仅存在吐温80作为单一碳源时,高浓度的吐温80对混合降解菌没有明显的抑制作用;吐温80与间二甲苯共存时,当吐温80浓度为2 CMC,反应72 h后间二甲苯的降解率达到最高,为76%;提前12 h(较混合降解菌)投加浓度为2 CMC的吐温80,最利于菌种的生长繁殖及间二甲苯的降解.     

Biodegradation of p-cresol by aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor

The cultivation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor for the biodegradation of p-cresol was studied. The reactor was started with 100 mg/L of p-cresol. Aerobic granules first appeared within one month of start up. The granules were large and strong and had a compact structure. The diameter of stable granules was in the range of 1-5 mm. The integrity coefficient and granules density was found to be 96% and 1046 kg/m³, respectively. The settling velocity of granules was found to be in the range of 2× 10^-2-6× 10^-2 m/sec. The aerobic granules were able to degrade p-cresol upto 800 mg/L at a removal efficiency of 88%. Specific p-cresol degradation rate in aerobic granules followed Haldane model for substrate inhibition. High specific p-cresol degradation rate up to 0.96 g p-cresol/(g VSS. day) were sustained upto p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/L. Higher removal efficiency, good settling characteristics of aerobic granules, makes sequencing batch reactor suitable for enhancing the microorganism potential for biodegradation of inhibitory compounds.     

Fe3O4/CeO2复合材料催化降解橙黄G的效能及降解途径

为研究磁性纳米Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料在高浓度难降解有机废水处理中的应用,利用共沉淀法制备Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料,并将其作为非均相类Fenton催化剂降解橙黄G染料废水,利用单因素法优化出最佳降解工艺,同时利用TOF-MS/MS(飞行时间质谱)检测降解中间产物,推测出可能降解途径.结果表明,当Ce/Fe为1 :1(质量比)时制备的Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料催化效果最佳.最佳降解工艺条件:初始pH为2.0,温度为30 ℃,H₂O₂投加量为30 mmol/L,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料的投加量为2.0 g/L,初始ρ(橙黄G)为50 mg/L.在最佳降解工艺条件下反应120 min后,橙黄G去除率为96.2%,TOC去除率为65.0%,Fe₃O₄/CeO₂复合材料至少可重复利用6次.研究显示,橙黄G降解主要有三条可能的降解途径,包括偶氮键断裂、偶氮键与苯环断开、脱磺酸基、羟基化以及开环等过程,共检测出八种可能的降解中间产物,主要有苯胺、苯酚、萘酚以及羧酸等.      

酞酸酯在模拟海河菹草微宇宙中的消减和分布特征

模拟海河干流水体构建了室内菹草微宇宙,同时设置了无菹草微宇宙为对照,对微宇宙中酞酸二丁酯(DBP)和酞酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的消减和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,实验过程中,有草组水和沉积物中这2种酞酸酯(PAEs)的浓度始终低于对照组;实验结束时,这2种PAEs主要分布在沉积物中,其次是水中,并且在菹草中也有一定程度的富集,尤其是疏水性较强的DEHP;菹草(以湿重计)对水中DBP和DEHP富集系数(BCF)的平均值分别为22.4 L.kg-1和180.7 L.kg-1;计算得出整个实验过程中,有草微宇宙中DBP和DEHP的降解率分别为输入量的94.2%和60.8%,较对照组(DBP和DEHP分别为91.0%和45.5%)分别提高了4.1和15.3个百分点;有草组DBP和DEHP的残留率分别为输入量的-0.6%和30.7%,而对照组为4.7%和37.7%.可见,菹草体系不仅能够有效增强这2种PAEs的降解作用,还能减少系统残留量,降低内源污染.     

氧化石墨烯对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯藻毒性的影响

以海洋微藻青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica var.tingtaoensis)为受试对象,研究了氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)单独及共同对青岛大扁藻的急性毒性效应,考察了藻细胞的生长状况,光合色素产量,细胞通透性,氧化应激指标及扫描电镜,以探讨GO的加入对DBP藻毒性的影响.结果表明,低浓度GO(0.1~10 mg·L~(-1))对青岛大扁藻的藻密度和叶绿素产量无明显影响,但藻细胞通透性随GO浓度升高显著增加(P0.05),10mg·L~(-1)时达到空白组的2.2倍.DBP对青岛大扁藻的EC50,96 h为(11.14±0.80)mg·L~(-1),其毒性远大于GO(EC50,96 h大于100mg·L~(-1)).1 mg·L~(-1)GO的加入使DBP的EC50,96 h降低到(4.93±2.14)mg·L~(-1),低浓度GO对DBP藻毒性表现出一定的增强作用.1 mg·L~(-1)的GO加入时,对低浓度DBP组(0.1~2 mg·L~(-1))的藻密度、叶绿素产量、细胞通透性水平没有显著性影响,但加剧了高浓度DBP组(4 mg·L~(-1))对藻密度、叶绿素产量的抑制,使单个藻细胞内ROS和SOD平均增加了21%和7%.扫描电镜结果发现GO对藻细胞具有覆盖,包裹及聚集作用,这些可能是DBP藻毒性增强的主要原因.该结果为揭示新型污染物碳纳米材料对海洋生物的风险提供了数据支持.     

Investigation of UV-TiO2 photocatalysis and its mechanism in Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation

The inactivation levels of Bacillus subtilis spores for various disinfection processes （ultraviolet （UV）, TiO2 and UV-TiO2） were compared. The results showed that the inactivation effect of B. subtilis spores by UV treatment alone was far below that for bacteria without endospores. TiO2 alone in the dark, as a control experiment, exhibited almost no inactivation effect. Compared with UV treatment alone, the inactivation effect increased significantly with the addition of TiO2. Increases of the UV irradiance and Ti02 concentration both contributed to the increase of the inactivation effect. Lipid peroxidation was found to be the underlying mechanism of inactivation. Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the degradation product of lipid peroxidation, was used as an index to determine the extent of the reaction. The MDA concentration surged surprisingly to 3.24 nmol/mg dry cell with the combination disinfection for 600 see （0.10 mW/cm2 irradiance and 10 mg/L TiO2）. In contrast, for UV alone or TiO2 in the dark, the MDA concentration was 0.38 and 0.25 nmol/mg dry cell, respectively, under the same conditions. This indicated that both UV and TiO2 were essential for lipid peroxidation. Changes in cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The cell membrane was heavily damaged and cellular contents were completely lysed with the UV-TiO2 process, suggesting that lipid peroxidation was the root of the enhancement in inactivation efficiency.     

Decontamination of alachlor herbicide wastewater by a continuous dosing mode ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process

We used a ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process in continuous dosing mode to degrade the alachlor.Experimental results indicated that lower pH levels enhanced the degradation and mineralization of alachlor. The maximum alachlor degradation(initial alachlor concentration of 50 mg/L) was as high as 100% at pH 3 with ultrasound of 100 Watts, 20 mg/L of Fe2+, 2 mg/min of H2O2 and 20℃ within60 min reaction combined with 46.8% total organic carbon removal. Higher reaction temperatures inhibited the degradation of alachlor. Adequate dosages of Fe2+and H2O2 in ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2process not only enhance the degradation efficiency of alachlor but also save the operational cost than the sole ultrasound or Fenton process. A continuous dosing mode ultrasound/Fe2+/H2O2 process was proven as an effective method to degrade the alachlor.     

UV/H2O2工艺降解微囊藻毒素-LR

采用UV/H₂O₂联合工艺,研究了光强、初始浓度、H₂O₂投加量、pH及阴离子对微囊藻毒素-LR (MC-LR)去除率的影响.结果表明,单独H₂O₂对MC-LR基本无去除效果;单独UV工艺可以一定程度上降解MC-LR;而UV/H₂O₂联合工艺由于发生协同作用明显提高降解效率.试验发现,随着光强的增大,MC-LR的去除率不断提高;随着MC-LR初始浓度的增大,其去除率不断降低;随着H₂O₂投加量的增大,降解速率常数逐渐增大,当H₂O₂投加量由1 mmol/L增大到3 mmol/L时,降解速率常数由0.084 4上升到0.166 4;当pH为3.13时,在相同条件下MC-LR的去除效果最好;阴离子的投加不利于MC-LR的降解,其中CO^2-₃、NO^-₃影响最大.