基于Delft3D模型的三峡航道环保疏浚水质数值模拟研究

以忠县皇华城河段为例,利用Delft3D数学模型对三峡航道环保疏的水质变化进行了数值模拟。结果表明:疏浚工程的进行对河道水质环境影响比较明显,随水流方向污染物质量浓度上升速率变慢,在疏浚点污染物质量浓度上升245 mg/L,疏浚点下方4 km处污染物质量浓度上升约为20 mg/L,河段末端污染物质量浓度上升约为14 mg/L;疏浚工程结束后,河段的水体水质能够较快得到恢复,离疏浚点越近恢复得越快,疏浚结束1 d后污染物质量浓度基本已恢复到本底值,疏浚工程对水环境的影响可以较快得到恢复。     

天然气处理厂放空火炬影响分析与模拟计算

根据天然气处理厂的地理和气象条件,提出需要进行危险性评估的4种工况;采用喷射扩散模式计算喷射火焰的热辐射,模拟不同工况下,风速不同时的热辐射强度曲线;采用高斯三维模型计算气体扩散浓度,得出不同工况下,风速不同时气体扩散长度和高度,并对放空火炬紧急工况时不同风速下的气体扩散进行模拟。通过影响分析和模拟,得出该放空火炬在不同风速下,不使人员产生热辐射影响的最小安全距离。     

湖泊疏浚底泥脱水性能对比实验研究

湖泊疏浚底泥的泥水分离是其综合利用的前提条件。以沙湖底泥为研究对象,选择化学试剂AlCl_3,FeCl_3,FeSO_4.7H_2O,Fenton作为脱水剂,采用单独添加和FeCl_3与Fenton试剂联合添加的脱水实验方案,以有效抽滤时间为参考指标,探索不同方案对底泥脱水性能的影响,结论是单独添加和联合添加方案均能有效改善底泥的脱水性能,但联合添加效果好于单独添加。最佳方案为:100 mL泥浆,含固率3%,脱水剂添加量为0.3 g FeCL_3+0.05gFeSO_4.7H_2O+25μL H_2O_2,脱水时间33 s。     

长江口南槽底沙再悬浮对重金属吸附的影响

对长江口南槽底部水样中的含沙量、悬沙粒径以及水相和悬浮相重金属含量进行测试分析，探讨重金属的吸附规律及底沙再悬浮对水体自净能力的影响。依据长江口南槽底层悬浮相8种重金属元素的相关显性分析，将重金属元素分为3类，分析表明，重金属元素在该水域进行的是选择性置换吸附。同时，主成分分析表明，第一主成分与第二主成分的累积贡献率达到89．3％，两主成分已能较好地反映该水域重金属元素的变化，其中第一主成分的贡献率为70．4％，主要反映第一类元素Cu、Zn、As、Cd，说明这4种元素对长江口南槽重金属污染的影响最大。含沙量与元素吸附量的相关分析表明，随着泥沙含量的增加，单位质量悬浮泥沙吸附重金属元素的能力下降，总吸附量上升，但南槽底沙较强的再悬浮作用影响了相关显性。水相中重金属浓度与底沙再悬浮作用强度有关，依据浓度剖面ACP图像，涨、落急阶段再悬浮作用强，泥沙含量高，重金属浓度一般较转流阶段低。     

高含硫天然气站场泄漏扩散数值模拟分析

为研究不同泄漏场景下的硫化氢泄漏扩散特性,采用计算流体力学软件FLACS对站内设备进行了三维建模,并对站内分离器及管道开展了泄漏扩散模拟,通过分析模拟结果得到了不同泄漏速率及时间下硫化氢扩散规律。研究结果对于预测高含硫天然气站场泄漏事故影响范围及开展后续应急工作具有一定的实际意义。     

港池内水溶性和悬浮性物质水交换能力研究

港池内外水交换能力是关系到海港水环境的主要因素,以天津南港东港池为例,应用环境流体水动力学模型EFDC,采用大、小2层模型嵌套方式,构建了天津港及南港水动力模型。采用保守性示踪剂输运扩散法及粒子追踪2种方法,研究不同特性(水溶性、颗粒)污染物在港池的水交换能力,计算了各子区域的水体更新时间及粒子驻留时间,得到各子区域水交换能力。结果表明,南港东港池口门及中部区域水交换能力较强,港池底部水交换能力很弱。对于可溶性组分来说,西侧水体更新能力强于东侧;对于悬浮性组分来说,东侧水体中悬浮物比西侧更容易交换至外海,港池内可溶性物质的交换能力要强于悬浮性颗粒。     

海底管道泄漏原油扩散漂移规律数值模拟

针对浅海输油管道泄漏原油扩散漂移问题,依据计算流体动力学理论,采用VOF模型和k－ε湍流模型来模拟多相流动,采用速度边界造波法和阻尼消波法来模拟波浪,建立洋流波浪环境下海底管道原油泄漏扩散漂移模型,对不同海洋环境、原油密度和泄漏量工况下的原油扩散漂移行为进行模拟,预测水下原油扩散上升路径、上浮到水面时间、溢油扩散范围以及水面溢油漂移速率等关键数据。研究结果表明:相对于静水、洋流和波浪等单一环境条件,在洋流波浪环境下泄漏原油的水下扩散范围更广、扩散上升速率更小、水面原油漂移速率更大;海洋环境对原油在水面的漂移速率影响较大,泄漏速率对原油的水下上升扩散速率影响较大;原油密度主要影响水下原油上升扩散过程,对水面原油漂移过程影响较小。     

考虑悬浮物吸附沉降作用的资江河道放射性核素迁移数值模拟

基于Langmuir吸附动力学方程和最小二乘原理,运用Matlab数学工具,结合测量数据,对吸附解吸速率进行了数值模拟;同时根据资江河道的具体情况,建立放射性核素在河道中迁移转化的分相模型,选择与核素相适应的数值模拟技术,实现核素在水、悬浮泥沙和底泥沙中分布的可视化。结果表明,放射性核素在底泥相和水相中的变化规律相似,底泥沙对核素的吸附量和核素水相质量浓度都随时间推移逐渐增大,随距离增大逐渐趋于0,另外,悬浮泥沙对核素的吸附量在经过水库后会逐渐减小,说明水库具有沉淀悬浮泥沙的作用。验证试验表明模拟结果和试验结果接近,说明所建模型比较合理。     

含硫天然气泄漏扩散事故后果三维数值模拟

含硫天然气泄漏扩散是一个非常复杂的扩散过程,它受复杂地形空间、不同风向、风速等各种条件的影响。为此,采用可行的计算流体动力学(CFD)对这一过程进行了三维数值模拟,根据龙岗001-81井含硫天然气泄漏扩散事故现场,利用ArcGIS软件提取该井周围2 500 m范围内的地形数据建立计算域物理模型,模拟了在多种工况下(不同地形、风向、风速)含硫天然气的扩散规律,对扩散结果进行规律性总结。     

粉末活性炭应用于突发性水污染处理的研究

<正>前言突发性的水污染一般指的是由于人为因素造成大量的液体或固体污染物突然进入水体,使得短时间内污染物在水体中急速聚集,对水体造成污染使其失去自我修复能力并对人类生产生活造成重要影响的现象。突发性水污染现象在发生的时间和空间上具有随机性,无法对这些进行提前预测,由于水体具有流动性又导致了突发性水污染现象一旦发生就会发生扩散,水体附近的很多环境都会受到污染。水是人类生存的基本条件,一旦它受到污     

生态清淤施工过程对巢湖水质影响的模拟

本研究以巢湖生态清淤为例,在水动力模型的基础上,采用平面二维恒定流和悬浮物扩散数学模型来描述生态清淤施工悬浮物的运动形态和排泥场尾水的影响。结果表明:生态清淤施工悬浮物扩散会给清淤区域内及周边约660 m范围的水体水质造成一定的影响。排泥场尾水排放口下游悬浮物最高浓度约4.8 mg/L,TN浓度最大增量约为0.164 mg/L,TP浓度最大增量约为0.004 mg/L。总体来说,尾水排放的SS、TN、TP对湖区的影响范围不大,其影响程度有限。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国,在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究,但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础,对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究,并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理,通过对比发现,我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后,基于相关对比分析结果,对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。     

飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系研究

为了探究飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系,提高优秀飞行员选拔的有效性和飞行排班的科学性,对飞行员记忆进行测试,结合其近6年的飞行品质(QAR)数据,系统分析了记忆与安全绩效的关系及各因素对飞行员记忆的影响情况。结果表明:飞行员形象记忆、情景记忆、运动记忆、语义记忆与安全绩效呈正相关关系,情绪记忆与安全绩效呈“n”型关系;情景记忆主要受不良情绪波动的影响,语义记忆主要受对大脑缺乏开发应用情况以及压力的影响,情绪记忆主要受不良嗜好和年龄的影响,形象记忆主要受睡眠和疾病的影响,运动记忆主要受用脑过度和年龄因素影响。