改进型EGSB处理配置污水的小试研究

通过对不同上升流速下改进型EGSB和EGSB处理人工配置城市污水效果的比较研究,提出了一种更为有效的处理城市污水的反应器--改进型EGSB反应器,在上升流速为5.41m/h时,其出水的COD值稳定在60mg/L左右,出水SS明显要低于未改进的EGSB。同时还考察了运行期间改进型EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物、辅酶变化等,在高的上升流速下,改进型EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物含量和辅酶F420含量比未改进EGSB中的要高。     

Sulfide oxidation in fluidized bed bioreactor using nylon support material

A continuous fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) with nylon support particles was used to treat synthetic sulfide wastewater at different hydraulic retention time of 25, 50 and 75 min and upflow velocity of 14, 17 and 20 m/hr. The effects of upflow velocity, hydraulic retention time and reactor operation time on sulfide oxidation rate were studied using statistical model. Mixed culture obtained from the activated sludge, taken from tannery effluent treatment plant, was used as a source for microorganisms. The diameter and density of the nylon particles were 2-3 mm and 1140 kg/m³, respectively. Experiments were carried out in the reactor at a temperature of (30 ± 2)℃, at a fixed bed height of 16 cm after the formation of biofilm on the surface of support particles. Biofilm thickness reached (42 ± 3) μupm after 15 days from reactor start-up. The sulfide oxidation, sulfate and sulfur formation is examined at all hydraulic retention times and upflow velocities. The results indicated that almost 90%-92% sulfide oxidation was achieved at all hydraulic retention times. Statistical model could explain 94% of the variability and analysis of variance showed that upflow velocity and hydraulic retention time slightly affected the sulfide oxidation rate. The highest sulfide oxidation of 92% with 70% sulfur was obtained at hydraulic retention time of 75 min and upflow velocity of 14 m/hr.     

EGSB处理玉米淀粉生产废水中试研究

研究了厌氧膨胀颗粒 (EGSB)反应器处理玉米生产废水的运行过程现象 ,结果表明 ,液体表面上升流速是影响EGSB反应器效能的重要参数 ,当进水CODCr为 35 0 0～ 6 5 0 0mg L时 ,液体表面上升流速为 1～ 3 5m h时 ,EGSB反应器处理始终保持在 85 %以上 ,污泥经过选择后能够适应EGSB反应器的运行条件。     

厌氧生物处理技术应用研究与展望

综述了厌氧处理工艺应用于工业废水处理的研究进展,并对厌氧工艺与好氧工艺进行了对比,总结了厌氧工艺的特性;阐释了厌氧工艺的应用现状及未来的发展趋势,重点介绍了厌氧流化床反应器(AFBR)、上流式厌氧滤池、上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)、厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)、颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器(EGSB)、复合厌氧反应器。     

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床原理特征分析

从污泥床层流态、生化反应动力学、体系物相平衡角度分析了以循环为特征的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器的结构特点,基质代谢和酸碱平衡特征,进而得出:高面积(H /A)和回流比(R)是实现反应器较高上升流速的结构和运行指标;回流引起反应器基质代谢特征的变化,同时使反应器处理增强;厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床的运行方式对调解、平衡系统的碱度、pH值起着积极的作用。     

Water softening by induced crystallization in fluidized bed

Fluidized bed and induced crystallization technology were combined to design a new type of induced crystallization fluidized bed reactor. The added particulate matter served as crystal nucleus to induce crystallization so that the insoluble material, which was in a saturated state, could precipitate on its surface. In this study, by filling the fluidized bed with quartz sand and by adjusting water p H, precipitation of calcium carbonate was induced on the surface of quartz sand, and the removal of water hardness was achieved.With a reactor influent flow of 60 L/hr, a fixed-bed height of 0.5 m, pH value of 9.5, quartz sand nuclear diameter of 0.2–0.4 mm, and a reflux ratio of 60%, the effluent concentration of calcium hardness was reduced to 60 mg/L and 86.6% removal efficiency was achieved. The resulting effluent reached the quality standard set for circulating cooling water. Majority of the material on the surface of quartz sand was calculated to be calcium carbonate based on energy spectrum analysis and moisture content was around 15.994%. With the low moisture content, dewatering treatment is no longer required and this results to cost savings on total water treatment process.     

Production and the application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start-up time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

Biological nutrient removal by internal circulation upflow sludge blanket reactor after landfill leachate pretreatment

The removal of biological nutrient from mature landfill leachate with a high nitrogen load by an internal circulation upflow sludge blanket （ICUSB） reactor was studied. The reactor is a set of anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic （A^2/O） bioreactors, developed on the basis of an expended granular sludge blanket （EGSB）, granular sequencing batch reactor （GSBR） and intermittent cycle extended aeration system （ICEAS）. Leachate was subjected to stripping by agitation process and poly ferric sulfate coagulation as a pretreatment process, in order to reduce both ammonia toxicity to microorganisms and the organic contents. The reactor was operated under three different operating systems, consisting of recycling sludge with air （A^2/O）, recycling sludge without air （low oxygen） and a combination of both （A^2/O and low oxygen）. The lowest effluent nutrient levels were realised by the combined system of A^2/O and low oxygen, which resulted in effluent of chemical oxygen demand （COD）, NH3-N and biological oxygen demand （BOD5） concentrations of 98.20, 13.50 and 22.50 mg/L. The optimal operating conditions for the efficient removal of biological nutrient using the ICUSB reactor were examined to evaluate the influence of the parameters on its performance. The results showed that average removal efflciencies of COD and NH3- N of 96.49% and 99.39%, respectively were achieved under the condition of a hydraulic retention time of 12 hr, including 4 hr of pumping air into the reactor, with dissolved oxygen at an rate of 4 mg/L and an upflow velocity 2 m/hr. These combined processes were successfully employed and effectively decreased pollutant loading.     

厌氧膨胀颗粒床（EGSB）反应器在有机废水治理中的研究进展

厌氧膨胀颗粒床（EGSB）反应器作为第三代高效厌氧反应器代表工艺之一,它通过增大反应器的高径比和采用出水回流技术,使反应器内的水力上升流速远远高于UASB反应器,强化了传质效果,提高了处理效率。适用于超高浓度和含有毒物质的工业废水,也特别适用于低温低浓度有机废水的处理。还展望了EGSB反应器未来的发展前景。     

EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥床工作状况及污泥性质研究

研究了处理低浓度有机废水的EGSB反应器中颗粒污泥床状况及颗粒污泥的性质,结果表明,液体表面上升流速(V_up)是影响EGSB反应器效能的重要参数,当进水COD为600～800mg/L时,较佳的液体表面上升流速(V_up)为1.5～4.5m/h,在此条件下,EGSB反应器COD负荷为24.5～25.7kg/(m3·d),COD去除率大于85%;同时还发现,经过一定时间的运行后,反应器中颗粒污泥粒径分布、沉降速度、胞外聚合物(ECP)等性质都发生了明显变化,颗粒污泥的平均粒径由0.85mm增加到1.78mm,平均沉降速度由41.2m/h提高到83.2m/h,而胞外聚合物(ECP)的含量则由接种污泥的32.5mg/g增加到57.8mg/g。      

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB)reactors.Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required start- up time.Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant(SWWTP) containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration.The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge,sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year,and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and sieves.The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD)removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration.The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h.SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences.SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp.was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance.The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在高浓度工业废水处理中的应用

介绍了一种新型的用于高浓度有机废水处理的EGSB反应器 ,该反应器的工艺特点包括反应器内部的生物相的分层 ,颗粒污泥的变速膨胀 ,以及高效的三相分离装置等。该反应器最高CODCr容积负荷可达到 2 5kg m3·d以上 ,最高进水CODCr浓度可达 30 0 0 0mg L以上。并介绍了几个应用该工艺的具有代表性的工程实例。     

Numerical simulation of flow hydrodynamics of struvite pellets in a liquid–solid fluidized bed

Phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite has been aroused in recent decades for its dual advantages in eutrophication control and resource protection.The usage of the struvite products is normally determined by the size which is largely depended on the hydrodynamics.In this study,flow behavior of struvite pellets was simulated by means of Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model combining with kinetic theory of granular flow in a liquid–solid fluidized bed reactor(FBR).A parametric study including the mesh size,time step,discretization strategy,turbulent model and drag model was first developed,followed by the evaluations of crucial operational conditions,particle characteristics and reactor shapes.The results showed that a cold model with the mesh resolution of 16 × 240,default time step of 0.001 sec and first order discretization scheme was accurate enough to describe the fluidization.The struvite holdup profile using Syamlal–O'Brien drag model was best fitted to the experimental data as compared with other drag models and the empirical Richardson–Zaki equation.Regarding the model evaluation,it showed that liquid velocity and particle size played important roles on both solid holdups and velocities.The reactor diameter only influenced the solid velocity while the static bed height almost took no effect.These results are direct and can be applied to guide the operation and process control of the struvite fluidization.Moreover,the model parameters can also be used as the basic settings in further crystallization simulations.     

污水土地处理系统构造对水力特性影响研究

在污水土地处理系统的模型反应器中进行流态试验,使用停留时间分布(RTD)分析理论,探索反应器不同构造的水流流态。试验表明,升流式和降流式的反应器流态均接近推流;无因次平均停留时间分别为0.974和0.845。由于在整个水平过水断面上承托层的布水作用及集水层的集水作用,系统采用不同管网布设程度的布水和集水方式对流态的影响不大,体积效率均在90%以上。填料层高度对流态有一定影响,当高度为40 cm时流态最接近推流,水流的轴向扩散系数最小,其值为0.027,属于低扩散程度。     

EGSB反应器接种污泥的选择及膨胀污泥床的形成

EGSB是在UASB反应器基础上发展的新型砂氧反应器,目前的研究较少。厌氧污泥及膨胀污泥床是EGSB反应器启动的基础,笔者通过具体实验．探讨了EGSB反应器接种污泥的选择、培养过程,分析了影响膨胀污泥床形成及稳定的因素,包括接种污泥本身的原因以及反应器布水方式的影响,并在实验中进行了调整,取得了良好的效果。     

常温下低浓度EGSB反应器的启动运行

系统考察接种市政污泥EGSB反应器的初次启动,以确定EGSB在常温低浓度情况下接种市政污泥时快速形成高活性、稳定颗粒污泥的可行性。接种市政污泥的EGSB反应器在常温条件下能够在42d内快速启动,所产生的颗粒污泥沉淀性良好、产甲烷活性高且菌群丰富,出水p（COD）稳定在60mg／L以下,其他指标也均达到相应国家标准。在常温下启动EGSB宜采用低进水浓度、较高的有机负荷、较大的上流速度的方式。     

常温处理生活污水微氧高效颗粒污泥反应器内颗粒污泥性能研究

为了分析微氧高效颗粒污泥反应器(EGSB反应器)在环境温度下处理实际生活污水时高效稳定运行的可行性,对15~26℃常温处理实际生活污水微氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥活性、沉淀性能、粒径分配、形态等进行研究.结果表明,15~26℃常温处理实际生活污水微氧EGSB反应器稳定运行时颗粒污泥沉速在11~79m·h-1之间,低沉速污泥有少量上浮至三相分离器底部甚至三相分离器上部,但没有出现污泥的流失,污泥浓度达到28g·L-1（以MLSS计）,可获得93.4%、83.8%、74.7%和44.0%的高COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除率;污泥产甲烷活性并没有降低,甚至比单纯厌氧时还有所偏高;颗粒污泥的平均粒径增大,主要集中0.63~2.00mm之间,质量分数达到了89%,既能保证反应器内的高污泥浓度,又能保证污染物质向颗粒表面和颗粒内部的高效传质,提高污染物质的转化率.颗粒污泥不同层面上微生物菌群发生了很大变化,外层丝状菌占优势,内层杆菌、丝状菌、球菌混生.微生物菌群排列紧密,细胞间紧密结合,集群协同作用使代谢物质能够以最短距离高效传递,保证了微氧EGSB反应器在常温、低浓度下的高效稳定运行.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

上升流速对CANON工艺稳定性及微生物群落的影响

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床（EGSB）反应器作为全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺启动运行的装置,考察了不同上升流速对CANON工艺脱氮性能的影响,并对固定生物膜-活性污泥（IFAS）系统内颗粒污泥粒径的变化和生物膜上的生物量进行定量分析,同时对颗粒污泥和生物膜上的微生物进行高通量分析,探究在不同聚集体上微生物群落结构的特点.结果表明,在连续运行过程中,上升流速由2m/h增加至6m/h的过程中,总氮去除负荷由0.20kg/（m³·d）逐渐增加至0.66kg/（m³·d）,而ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N的比值稳定在0.11,成功实现了CANON的高效稳定运行.当上升流速增加至8m/h时,CANON工艺脱氮性能失稳,总氮去除负荷（NRR）降低至0.42kg/（m³·d）,污泥平均粒径由1.3mm减小到0.9mm.上升流速恢复至6m/h后,CANON脱氮工艺脱氮性能逐渐恢复,最终NRR稳定在0.60kg/（m³·d）以上,污泥平均粒径恢复至1.2mm,生物膜生物量的比生长速率为0.0024d^-1.高通量测序显示,颗粒污泥中主要以氨氧化细菌（AerAOB）功能菌Nitrosomonas（2.45%）,和厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB）功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia（2.38%）为主要菌属;而生物膜中主要是AnAOB功能菌Candidatus Kuenenia（9.78%）、Candidatus Brocadia（4.23%）,同时还检测出少量AerAOB功能菌Nitrosomonas（0.40%）.结果表明两种微生物在不同聚集体上存在一定的差异性.     

基于结构参数响应的内循环流化床流体特性优化数值模拟

流化床是一种结构复杂而能量转化高效的反应器型式,为了实现系统化的内循环流化床优化设计,利用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型构建了不同结构的CFD流化床模型,在分别改变高径比、导流筒与反应器的直径比和底隙高度3个结构因素的情况下,考察流化床内全流场、局部流场、液相运动速度及气含率等气液两相流的响应特性,分析结构因素及操作因素对流体运动的内在影响,阐明工程优化设计的方向.数值模拟结果表明:高径比主要影响气液流动型态,低高径比时容易出现漩涡和返混,工程中应采用导流内构件并重视气体分布装置的合理设计;导流筒与反应器的直径比主要影响液体循环速度,存在一个合理的区间,考虑流动速度与气含率,流化床直径比可取0.6～0.8,最佳取值为0.7;底隙高度影响流化床底泥区的流体运动,应约等于流化床下降区的缝隙长度.CFD模拟可作为污染控制技术工业放大和优化设计的辅助工具.