Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr（Ⅲ）

Loofa sponge （LS） immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana （LSIBCS）, isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana （FBCS） from 10-300 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr（Ⅲ） ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr（Ⅲ） biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr（Ⅲ） could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order： EDTA 〉 H2SO4 〉 CH3COOH 〉 HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr（Ⅲ） binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from wastewater.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

Functionalized CMK-3 mesoporous carbon with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole for Hg(II) removal from aqueous media

Ordered mesoporous carbon（CMK-3） was synthesized and functionalized with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole groups（AMT-OCMK-3） for Hg（Ⅱ） removal from aqueous solution. The modified CMK-3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, N2adsorption-desorption isotherm, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of solution pH, contact time, initial Hg（Ⅱ） concentration and matrix effect were studied. The adsorption data were successfully fitted with the Langmuir model, exhibiting high adsorption capacity of 450.45 mg/g of AMT-OCMK-3. In the solid-phase extraction system a series of experimental parameters such as sample flow rate, sample volume,eluent volume and concentration of the eluent solution have been investigated and established for preconcentration of Hg（Ⅱ） in aqueous solution. The results showed that the enrichment factor for Hg（Ⅱ） was 250, the precision（relative standard deviation（RSD）, %） for six replicate measurements was 2.05% and the limit of detection for Hg（Ⅱ） was achieved at0.17 μg/L.     

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

Biosorption of cadmium(Ⅱ) and lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

The removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions by using dried activated sludge has been investigated in batch systems. Effect of solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were determined. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the uptake processes of the two metal ions（Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）） followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The FT-IR analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） biosorption onto dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

Comparative equilibrium studies of sorption of Pb(II) ions by sodium and calcium alginate

The absorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution by di erent alginate compounds was studied in a batch sorption system. Water soluble sodium alginate and insoluble calcium alginate beads were investigated. The lead-binding capacity of both alginate compounds was highest within the pH range 6–8. The binding capacities and rates of Pb(II) ions by alginate compounds were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Bruneaur, Emmet and Teller (BET) sorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Sorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. The results obtained through the study suggest that alginate compounds are favorable sorbents. The largest amount of Pb(II) ions were bound by sodium alginate although the di erence between two compounds was slight. Therefore, alginate substances may be considered as an alternative for sorption and removal of Pb(II) ions from wastewaters.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) biosorption by Myriophyllum spicatum L.

The potential use of Myriophyllum spicatum L. biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solution was investigated in laboratory condition. The sorption experiments were undertaken to obtain copper (Ⅱ) biosorption properties of M.spicatum L., i.e. equilibrium time, the maximum capacity, and rate constants. Copper(Ⅱ) biosorption was fast and equilibrium was attaine1 within 35 min at initial copper(Ⅱ) concentration of 6 mg/L. Different isotherm models including the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson model, were used to investigate the sorption capacity and isotherm. These models showed an excellent match with the experimental data except for the Freundlich model. According to the Langmuir coefficients, the maximum sorption capacity of copper onto M. spicatum L. was 10.80 mg/g. The kinetics of copper(Ⅱ) sorption was also analysed and rate constants were derived. It was found that the overall sorption process was best described by the pseudo second-order equation, and that intraparticle diffusion was not the rate determining step. The results of this study showed that M. spicatum L. can be considered as useful vehicles for the removal and recovery of copper(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions.     

沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu2+的等温吸附特征

研究了沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的吸附等温线,分别采用了线性和非线性2种方法拟合吸附等温线,并比较分析2种方法的拟合效果和适用性.结果表明:①在采用等温吸附模型比较和评价不同生物吸附剂的性能时,不能仅仅根据R²和χ²的大小进行拟合方程的适用性比较.为了获得更为真实可靠的拟合结果,在实践中可以利用线性和非线性方法分别进行拟合,而每一种拟合方法也要同时采用多种模型,在对多个拟合结果比较的基础上选择更符合实验数据的吸附模型;②在本实验中,沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻吸附Cu²⁺的行为更符合Langmuir模型,而Freundlich模型特别是其线性表达式的计算值与实验数据的误差较大;③沉水植物中粗纤维素占干物质的比重是影响其吸附容量的重要因素之一,其细胞壁上多糖的—OH和—CONH₂可能是吸附的活性中心;④根据Langmuir模型线性拟合参数q_m,轮叶黑藻、穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的最大吸附量分别为21.55 mg/g和10.80mg/g,其吸附Cu²⁺的最大活性比表面积分别为3.23m²/g和1.62m²/g.     

Ni2+生物吸附动力学及吸附平衡研究

研究了金属离子Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附特性,内容包括生物吸附动力学和吸附等温线.生物吸附动力学结果表明,当Ni²⁺初始浓度为65.6 mg/L时,Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以分为2个阶段,第1阶段为物理吸附,在10　min内快速达到平衡.Ni²⁺在酵母上的吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程来描述 （R²=0.999）,动力学参数k₂为0.018 4 g/(mg·min),q_e为5.96 　mg/g.吸附等温线结果表明,Ni²⁺在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程来描述,最大吸附量q_max为6.32 　mg/g.酿酒酵母可用于处理低浓度的含Ni²⁺废水.     

芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理含铜废水研究

用芽孢杆菌干菌体生物吸附去除废水中的铜离子,试验了pH、接触时间、初始铜离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铜的影响,结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH值5.0、初始铜离子浓度200mg/L、吸附时间不超过30min有最大吸附量16.27mg/g;此时去除率为16.27%,且25℃吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温模型与Freundlich等温模型;因此用芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理低浓度含铜废水可行、经济。     

穗花狐尾藻铅吸附特征与机理

为探讨沉水植物对低浓度重金属废水的吸附特征,研究了不同重金属质量浓度及pH影响下,穗花狐尾藻鲜样在单一、二元和三元金属离子体系中对Pb2+的生物吸附特征及吸附机理. 结果表明,在单一Pb2+体系中,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附能力随pH的升高而增强; 当初始ρ(Pb2+)为100mg/L、初始pH为6.5时,Pb2+吸附率可达80.95%. Cu2+和Zn2+的存在负向干扰穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附; 当初始ρ(Cu2+)和ρ(Pb2+)均为250mg/L时,Cu2+干扰下Pb2+吸附量降低为单一体系中Pb2+吸附量的62.40%. Sips和Langmuir模型的拟合效果优于Freundlich模型. 根据Langmuir模型模拟,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的理论最大吸附量(q_max)可达52.12mg/g. 红外光谱分析表明,—OH、—C=O、—COOH、C—O及C—H为主要作用基团. 吸附Pb2+后,溶液中矿质元素含量增加,ρ(Ca2+)和ρ(Mg2+)与初始ρ(Pb2+)达到极显著正相关(R_Ca2+=0.943,P<0.01;R_Mg2+=0.915,P<0.01). Pb2+更易与Ca2+和Mg2+产生离子交换而被吸附.      

响应曲面法优化油茶饼对活性红15的生物吸附特征及机理

基于“以废治废”的理念,以农林业废弃物——油茶饼为原料制备生物吸附剂,吸附去除废水中的RR15(C.I. Reactive Red 15,活性红15)染料,并采用响应曲面法中的Box-Behnken设计对油茶饼生物吸附剂吸附RR15的条件进行优化. 结果表明:pH对油茶饼生物吸附剂吸附RR15的吸附容量和去除率均有显著影响(P<0.000 1);当pH为1.0、初始ρ(RR15)为300 mg/L、吸附温度为20 ℃时,油茶饼生物吸附剂对RR15的吸附效果最佳. 相比于Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线模型,Temkin吸附等温线模型可以更好地描述油茶饼生物吸附剂对RR15的吸附平衡数据. 吸附温度为20 ℃时,由Langmuir吸附等温线模型计算得到的Q0(吸附剂的单层饱和吸附量)为74.63 mg/g. 动力学分析显示,油茶饼生物吸附剂对RR15的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型(R2>0.999 7),支持了限速步骤是化学吸附的理论;内部扩散和边界层扩散都可能影响吸附速率. 热力学分析表明,该吸附过程是一个自发的放热过程. FTIR(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,傅里叶变换红外光谱)分析发现,油茶饼生物吸附剂上羟基、胺基等官能团可能是RR15染料的主要结合位点. 研究显示,油茶饼生物吸附剂是一种具有潜力的绿色吸附剂,可以有效去除废水中的RR15染料.      

毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)对水中铬的去除特性研究

以毛木耳子实体(Auricularia polytricha)为生物吸附材料,通过批量实验研究起始pH值、反应时间、生物量、Cr浓度等因素对毛木耳子实体吸附去除水中铬的影响及吸附特性。结果表明:铬的生物吸附过程明显受溶液pH影响,其中总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳去除pH分别为2.0和1.0;48 h后生物吸附达到平衡,生物吸附剂的最佳浓度为4 g/L;A.polytricha对Cr的最大吸附容量为113.8 mg/g;在整个吸附过程中伴随着Cr(Ⅵ)转化为Cr(Ⅲ)。生物吸附剂的X射线光电能谱显示:吸附在生物吸附剂表层的Cr大都呈+3价。在等温实验中Freundlich模型能较好地模拟毛木耳子实体对Cr的等温吸附过程,同时准二级模型很好地拟合了生物吸附Cr的过程。毛木耳(A.polytricha)子实体在去除水体中的Cr方面具有很强的潜力。