多层频率选择表面复合吸波结构的研究

文中采用一种快速求解方法——半解析半数值法计算多层频率选择表面(Frequency Selective Surface,简称FSS)复合结构的反射系数,然后结合具体两层复合结构的实例通过测试验证了半解析半数值法的正确性,并基于复合结构吸波材料吸波频带窄的缺点,在此基础上,设计出一种新的圆形FSS复合结构吸波材料。计算和测试结果都表明,这种新的复合结构在较宽带宽内具有低反射系数。     

吸波材料反射率的现场测量方法

通过对微波暗室中安装在墙壁上的吸波材料反射率的现场测量方法的研究,采用矢量网络分析仪对吸波材料反射率进行现场测量时,利用时域门技术来减小暗室现场对吸波材料反射率测量的影响,通过比较标准金属板和吸波材料的测量值得到吸波材料的反射率。     

某飞行器探测器支架设计

某探测器安装在飞行器上,飞行过程中将经历极为恶劣的振动环境。受空间限制探测器不宜采用传统方式进行减振,而常规金属或复合材料支架的阻尼系数小,无法为探测器减振提供帮助。为改善探测器的振动响应,以探测器支架为研究对象,采用结构阻尼一体化方案,对其开展基于综合约束下的优化设计和减振效果分析。首先通过结构拓扑优化,形成较优的支架结构构型,基于等效均质材料下的模态分析确定其外形参数,再基于经典层合板理论和构建的有限元模型,对支架开展阻尼层优化设计和模态分析,确定复合材料铺层方案和阻尼层厚度参数,最终通过对比分析确认减振效果,相比常规复合材料支架,结构阻尼一体化支架的动力学响应显著降低。     

碟形越浪式波能发电装置的三维数值模拟

基于计算流体力学软件的三维数值模拟技术,分析了碟形越浪式波能发电装置的越浪性能,通过构建基于水气两相VOF(Volume of Fluid)模型的三维数值波浪水槽对该装置进行三维数值模拟研究,数值计算结果与物理试验结果相互对比验证较为吻合,验证了所构建的三维数值波浪水槽的可靠性,通过考察装置的坡度、导流叶片个数、干舷高度对越浪性能的影响确定装置的最优结构参数。结果表明,在装置的斜坡面边缘增加回流板可减少波浪的反射,提高装置的越浪性能。在数值模拟中将装置的斜坡面边缘处安装回流板对碟形越浪式波能发电装置参数进行优化,通过分析回流板的长度对装置越浪性能的影响来探索最优回流板长度。     

回转窑技术在土壤修复领域的应用

我国土壤污染现状严重,土壤修复市场潜力巨大。采用热解吸方法处理土壤中的挥发性和半挥发性有机污染物是重要的土壤修复技术,该方法通常采用工业化成熟的回转窑作为处理设备。论述了回转窑技术在土壤修复领域的应用,对回转窑的结构与形式、土壤参数、处理温度、停留时间、尾气净化等工艺设计进行了研究探讨。     

基于人工合成波的电信设备抗震试验方法

地震模拟试验采用的人工合成波,具有类似于实际地震波形的特点,有很好的实际模拟特性。这一特点使该方法得到了广泛的使用,并将成为今后抗震试验的主流方式。对基于人工合成波的地震试验中初始响应检测和抗震试验的关键参数的选取进行了详细的分析,梳理了人工合成波抗震试验的思路;通过实例,强调了试验样品的安装和工况要求,并对地震试验中出现的各种关键性信号进行了分析。这些都有助于开展抗震试验的工程实践。     

雷电流A波发生器的设计与实现

为了进行军械的雷电间接效应试验,设计并实现了一种基于自动控制的雷电流A波发生器。该发生器采用恒流充电方式对电容充电,通过对放电回路的计算分析,得到了产生标准A波波形所需要的回路参数。整个装置由智能控制系统远程控制,操作方便,安全可靠。试验结果表明:该发生器可产生峰值0.6~17 k A的标准雷电流A波波形,输出波形参数满足要求,为后续开展军械的雷电间接效应研究提供了设备支持。     

基于数值模拟的水面溢油回收装置优化

为减小海面溢油,自主设计吸油单元组装结构,利用数值模拟的方法,研究吸油单元形状对吸油性能的影响,通过对吸油阵列单元速度场、油组分浓度场分析发现:圆形结构吸油单元表面平滑,运动阻力小,与流体接触面积大,有利于增加吸油效率。采用上下间隔三角阵列方式对吸油单元进行排布,研究不同流速下阵列单元横向间距、纵向间距、分布排数以及入口含油浓度对吸油效率的影响,发现吸油单元的横向间距对吸油效率作用显著,而纵向间距和入口含油浓度对吸油效率影响不大,随吸油单元分布排数的增加,吸油效率趋于稳定。在工程应用范围内,保持阵列单元横向间距为1.5 D,运动速度低于1m/s,阵列单元的吸油效率能达到90%以上。     

基于神经网络下的车辆自动控制系统决策算法分析研究

为了提高车辆自动控制能力,提出基于神经网络下的车辆自动控制系统决策算法。构建车辆自动控制系统的行驶动力学和运动学模型,以相位偏移和惯性转矩为约束参量构建车辆自动控制系统模糊反馈误差跟踪融合控制律,采用模糊参数融合和自适应参数调节方法进行车辆自动控制系统决策和模型预测,采用变结构神经网络控制的方法进行车辆自动控制系统的模糊决策构造,建立车辆自动控制系统决策的约束参数优化模型,采用自适应模糊跟踪融合识别方法进行车辆自动控制系统决策的参数寻优,实现车辆自动控制系统的优化决策控制。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行车辆自动控制系统决策控制的自适应性性较好,控制输出的鲁棒性较强。     

一种新型电磁抛投器仿真设计分析

抛投器广泛应用于多种救援场合,目前抛投器的动力主要有气动式和火药式两种。本文首先介绍了目前抛投器发展现状,根据现有抛投器的技术参数,提出了一种采用电磁力给抛投器提供动力的新方式。接着综合分析三种电磁发射方法,选取线圈型电磁发射方式,根据异步感应式直线电机基本原理和有限元电磁场数值计算理论,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立电磁抛投器结构图和有限元仿真模型,对这种新型电磁抛投器不同抛体金属套材料和不同初、次级空气长度这两个重要结构参数进行仿真分析对比,给电磁抛投器选择了一组优化的结构参数。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.