江苏:社区创建别开生面——江苏省无锡市、南通市、淮安市环境教育掠影

环境教育是个大课题,如何开展公众低碳教育?提升群众环保意识?如何在绿色社区创建过程中引入生态元素?如何构建生态和谐的人居环境?为此,江苏省无锡市、南通市、淮安市环保部门作出了积极的探索。     

关于以科学发展观推进环保工作的思考

对如何贯彻落实科学发展观推进环保工作进行了分析,对环境保护工作如何科学发展的相关对策进行了阐述。     

自动控制系统在工业废水零排放中的应用研究

结合工业废水零排放实例,研究分析如何利用自动控制系统解决废水零排放系统中手动操作过多、智能化偏低的问题,探索如何提高自动化控制系统在废水零排放处理中的运行稳定性和可操作性。     

新加坡如何处理垃圾焚化和填埋

正新加坡国土面积只有707.1平方公里,人口却逼近500万,且多年来城市发展迅速,垃圾剧增。如何妥善处理垃圾一直是新加坡举国重视的课题。经过30多年的努力,如今的新加坡成为了看不见垃圾的花园国家。他们如何处理垃圾?市民如何看待垃圾焚化和填埋?带着疑惑,我们探访亚洲最大的大士南垃圾焚化厂、圣马高垃圾填埋场,采访新加坡国家环境局官员,试图找出一个完整答案。     

我国在金融危机下经济与环境协调发展的对策

分别从消费者、企业和政府的角度谈如何协调经济发展与环境保护的关系,阐述了如何通过鼓励绿色消费,加强企业环境管理,发展环保企业等来达到经济与环境共同发展,实现双赢。     

加强正面引导 创新工作方法

通过听取大家的演讲,我觉得有这几个方面的问题确实值得我们思考,从宣教工作来说,一是包括国家在内的各级要求越来越高,而现有的宣教力度不够大,如何解决;二是公众的期望值越来越高,而现在的民众的环保知识却普遍缺乏,如何解决;三是各种组织人员越来越关注环保问题,而环保部门的发声和引导却不够,如何解决。这个问题主要体现在现在环保负面声音比正面声音大,这个问题如何解决。因此,我提出四点解决问题的方法,总结起来就是“大、多、快、长”四个字。大,就是数量大,     

高校传统诚信教育的理性重建

"诚信"是中华民族的道德规范,我国大学教育一直秉承诚信教育传统,为培养诚实守信的公民而不懈努力。但面对市场经济带来的思想、观念、制度冲击,传统诚信教育的弊端日益凸现,如何看待诚信、如何促进诚信教育的良性发展、如何保障诚信教育的切实践行等问题,应该成为高等教育者们不断思考的焦点,而重建传统诚信教育要通过建设校园诚信文化和构建校长负责制等措施来实现。     

浅析市场经济体制下高等学校教职工的激励因素

如何调动广大教师的积极性,已成为非常重要的课题。本文通过对教师激励因素的探讨,阐明在市场经济体制下,高等学校如何调动教师工作的积极性、主动性和创造性,更好地完成教育、教学任务。     

盐雾腐蚀试验的国际国内标准及在汽车行业里的应用

随着国家工业、技术、经济的快速发展,工业产品的应用范围越来越广。为了保证产品的质量和寿命,许多工业产品都需要通过盐雾腐蚀试验来验证,尤其是汽车产品。近几年,盐雾试验的需求不断增加,很多从业者也为如何进行盐雾试验、如何提高试验效率以及如何选择盐雾试验的标准等问题所困惑。因此,笔者查阅了国内外的相关资料,编辑成本。本文系统介绍了何为盐雾试验;盐雾试验的种类;如何正确地进行盐雾、腐蚀试验;不同行业国际国内标准的选择。尤其重点介绍了盐雾,腐蚀试验在汽车行业中的应用。     

关于提高我院办学效益的思考

成人高等教育是我国国民教育体系中的重要组成部分,在市场经济体制下普遍存在着如何提高办学效益的问题。面对挑战和机遇,我院如何提高办学效益?本文结合实际对发展前景进行了探讨。     

油田化工污水中总氰化物的检测

采用在线蒸馏-流动注射分析法检测大庆油田化工污水中总氰化物。分析流速和温度对流动注射仪检测结果的影响,得出结论:载流流速为1.8mL/min,显色剂流速在1.3mL/min,缓冲溶液流速稳定在1.6mL/min时,分析精度最好;显色反应在60℃以下进行时,可以消除温度差异对检测结果的干扰。该方法适用于油田化工废水中总氰化物的检测。     

Non-isothermal flow of carbon dioxide in injection wells during geological storage

During sequestration, carbon dioxide within injection wells is likely to be in a dense state and therefore its weight within the wellbore will play an important role in determining the bottomhole pressure and thus the injection rate. However, the density could vary significantly along the well in response to the variation in pressure and temperature. A numerical procedure is formulated in this paper to evaluate the flow of carbon dioxide and its mixtures in non-isothermal wells. This procedure solves the coupled heat, mass and momentum equations with the various fluid and thermodynamic properties, including the saturation pressure, of the gas mixture calculated using a real gas equation of state. This treatment is particularly useful when dealing with gas mixtures where experimental data on mixture properties are not available and these must be predicted. To test the developed procedure two wellbore flow problems from the literature, involving geothermal gradients and wellbore phase transitions are considered; production of 97% carbon dioxide and injection of superheated steam. While these are not typical carbon dioxide injection problems they provide field observations of wellbore flow processes which encompass the mechanisms of interest for carbon dioxide injection, such as phase transition, temperature and density variations with depth. These two examples show that the developed procedure can offer accurate predictions. In a third application the role of wellbore hydraulics during a hypothetical carbon dioxide injection application is considered. The results obtained illustrate the potential complexity of carbon dioxide wellbore hydraulics for sequestration applications and the significant role it can play in determining the well bottomhole pressure and thus injection rate.     

ANALYSIS OF ROCK STRESS AROUND A LIQUID WASTE INJECTION SYSTEM IN ILLINOIS1

: The danger to the environment associated with the injection of liquid industrial wastes into a deep, confined, subsurface rock formation may arise from the transport of the waste laterally or vertically in the formation. The pattern of lateral transport, which can take place as a result of convection as well as dispersion and diffusion, can be determined by an approximate analytical solution to the mass transport equation. Vertical transport may take place through both natural fractures and fractures created by hydrostatic stresses generated around the well during injection. To determine the stresses, we used the finite element method to get a numerical solution of the flow equation. We applied a solution of the flow equation to calculate the stress buildup and decay for the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation's injection well near Hennepin in Putnam County, Illinois. According to our computations, the stress buildup due to injection is about 0.16 pounds per square inch per foot - psi - (0.362 Newton per square centimeter per meter), which, added to normal pressure, makes an estimated total stress of 0.60 psi/ft (1.36 Newton/cm²/m). That pressure is insufficient to cause fracturing of the Cambrian Eau Claire aquitard, the confining bed for the disposal zone.     

流动注射测定挥发酚中的常见问题及其对策研究简

在流动注射测定挥发酚的过程中,会出现基线不稳、噪声信号增加、流量不稳定、准确度和精密度降低等现象,分析测试结果表明溶液有气泡、流通池pH、冷却水温度、到阀时间、周期时间等因素均会导致上述现象的发生。通过研究,对检测时间条件及前处理等方面进行调整。在调整流通池pH到9.8～10.2、设置到阀时间为350 s、周期时间为200 s,并且将试剂脱气方式调整为氦气脱气后,测试准确度和精密度均有较大提高。     

吉林省采油厂原油含水率分析仪工作场所辐射防护水平调查及分析

通过系统的监测了解吉林地区采油厂原油含水率分析仪的工作场所放射防护现状,为放射源监督管理部门提供参考依据,为保护环境、保护放射工作人员职业健康提供重要保障,为采油厂对辐射装置管理及措施提供依据。采用国家规定的标准方法对吉林省不同工作环境下的5家采油厂的45台原油含水率分析仪的周围剂量当量进行现场监测,对涉及接触原油含水率分析仪的4种不同岗位工作人员进行年有效剂量估算,对接触原油含水率分析仪的202名工作人员进行个人剂量监测。结果表明,原油含水率分析仪的工作场所周围剂量当量及人员受照剂量均满足国家标准要求,剂量分布较均匀,外输岗年有效剂量较小,集输岗年有效剂量较高。吉林省采油厂原油含水率分析仪在正常运行情况下,工作场所基本不会对工作人员造成职业照射,辐射防护状况良好,放射工作人员年有效剂量值均在国家规定限值范围内。     

Interactions between soil texture and placement of dairy slurry application: I. Flow characteristics and leaching of nonreactive components

Land application of manure can exacerbate nutrient and contaminant transfers to the aquatic environment. This study examined the effect of injecting a dairy cattle (Bostaurus L.) manure slurry on mobilization and leaching of dissolved, nonreactive slurry components across a range of agricultural soils. We compared leaching of slurry-applied bromide through intact soil columns (20 cm diam., 20 cm high) of differing textures following surface application or injection of slurry. The volumetric fraction of soil pores >30 microm ranged from 43% in a loamy sand to 28% in a sandy loam and 15% in a loam-textured soil. Smaller active flow volumes and higher proportions of preferential flow were observed with increasing soil clay content. Injection of slurry in the loam soil significantly enhanced diffusion of applied bromide into the large fraction of small pores compared with surface application. The resulting physical protection against leaching of bromide was reflected by 60.2% of the bromide tracer was recovered in the effluent after injection, compared with 80.6% recovery after surface application. No effect of slurry injection was observed in the loamy sand and sandy loam soils. Our findings point to soil texture as an important factor influencing leaching of dissolved, nonreactive slurry components in soils amended with manure slurry.     

CO2 storage and enhanced coalbed methane recovery: Reservoir characterization and fluid flow simulations of the Big George coal,Powder River Basin,Wyoming, USA

Coalbeds are an attractive geological environment for storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) because CO₂ is retained in the coal as an adsorbed phase and the cost of injection can be offset by enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM) production. This paper presents the findings of a CO₂ storage feasibility study on coalbeds in the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, USA, using reservoir characterization and fluid flow simulations. A 3D numerical model of the Big George coal was constructed using geostatistical techniques, with values of cleat and matrix permeability and porosity constrained through history-matching of production data from coalbed methane (CBM) wells in the field area.Following history-matching, several ECBM and CO₂ storage scenarios were investigated: shrinkage and swelling of the coal was either allowed or disallowed, a horizontal hydraulic fracture was either placed at the injection well or removed from the model, the number of model layers was varied between 1 and 24, and the permeability and porosity fields were constructed to be either homogeneous or heterogeneous in accordance with geostatistical models of regional variability. All simulations assumed that the injected gas was 100% CO₂ and that the coalbed was overlain by an impermeable caprock. Depending on the scenario, the simulations predicted that after 13 years of CO₂ injection, the cumulative methane production would be enhanced by a factor of 1.5–5. Including coal matrix shrinkage and swelling in the model predicted swelling near the injection well, which resulted in a slight reduction (10%) in injection rate. However, including a horizontal hydraulic fracture in the model at the base of the injection well helped mitigate the negative effect of swelling on injection rate. It was also found that six model layers were needed to have sufficient resolution in the vertical direction to account for the buoyancy effects between the gas and resident water, and that capturing the heterogeneous nature of the coal permeability and porosity fields predicted lower estimates of the storage capacity of the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone.After noting that gravity and buoyancy were the major driving forces behind gas flow within the Big George coal, several leakage scenarios were also investigated, in an effort to better understand the interplay between diffusion and flow properties on the transport and storage of CO₂. The modeling predicted that the upward migration of gas due to the buoyancy effect was faster than the diffusion of CO₂ and therefore the gas rapidly rose to the top of the coalbed and migrated into overlying strata when an impermeable caprock was not included in the model.     

两种高锰酸盐指数水质自动监测仪器的性能及维护对比

法国SERES 2000 CODMn高锰酸盐指数分析仪和德国科泽公司K301COD-CH高锰酸盐指数分析仪为我国各级水质自动监测站的主流高锰酸盐指数分析仪器,这两种类型仪器的相同点和不同点是管理水站技术人员所关心的问题。本文从仪器的结构、性能和操作等方面出发,总结了两种仪器的异同,为更好的使用和维护该类仪器提供了好的建议和操作方式。     

水驱气藏污水回注能力评价与指标预测

为避免水驱气藏产出污水排海而引起海洋污染问题,开展了水驱气藏回注能力评价技术研究:以物质平衡为基础,确定不同气水界面和饱和度分布下的可注入总量;建立井筒管流模型,确定不同注入量下的摩擦阻力、井底流压,预测注入泵压的变化趋势;提出了回注指标优化图版,可快速优化回注井的瞬时注入量。研究成果已初步应用于靶区首次污水回注试验,单井日注水规模达100~250 m³,回注总量为1.06×10⁴ m³,有效避免了地区的环境污染问题。     

ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE EXPERIMENTS IN CARBONATE AND CLASTIC AQUIFERS OF KUWAIT1

ABSTRACT: Injection of water and subsequent withdrawal were carried out in three existing water wells (SU-10, C-105, and SU-135A) in Kuwait. The objective of the study was to assess the technical feasibility of artificial recharge in the carbonate Dammam Formation and the clastic Kuwait Group aquifers. In the absence of any pretreatment of injection water and measures for maintenance of line pressure, clogging from suspended solids and air entrapment occurred in all three experiments. It was, however, possible to inject for one month in Wells SU-10 and C-105 where injection took place in the Dammam aquifer. In Well SU-135A, where the Kuwait Group aquifer was the target for injection, clogging became so severe that the injection experiment had to be abandoned. The injection/withdrawal data were analyzed with the help of a multi-aquifer flow model and a transport model. The models took into account the effects of crossflow within the boreholes on the distribution of intake and discharge rates for different aquifers, and hence, on the recovery efficiency. The experiments suggested that the artificial recharge of the Dammam and the Kuwait Group aquifers was technically feasible. The problem of clogging was, however, more severe for the Kuwait Group.