Rapid and simple spectrophotometric determination of persulfate in water by microwave assisted decolorization of Methylene Blue

A rapid and simple method for determination of persulfate in aqueous solution was developed. The method is based on the rapid reaction of persulfate with Methylene Blue(MB) via domestic microwave activation, which can promote the activation of persulfate and decolorize MB quickly. The depletion of MB at 644 nm(the maximum absorption wavelength of MB) is in proportion to the increasing concentration of persulfate in aqueous solution. Linear calibration curve was obtained in the range 0–1.5 mmol/L, with a limit of detection of 0.0028 mmol/L. The reaction time is rapid(within 60 sec), which is much shorter than that used for conventional methods. Compared with existing analytical methods, it need not any additives, especially colorful Fe2+, and need not any pretreatment for samples, such as p H adjustment.     

A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

Soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A comparison of two Chinese cities

Soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang, China were analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with harmonized sampling, sample extraction and analysis quantification methods. The concentrations and sources of PAHs in soil samples of the two cities were compared. Almost all of the PAH components were detectable in 103 soil samples. The concentrations of ΣPAHs ranged from 35.40 to 534.5 g/kg in soil samples from Huizhou, and ranged from 9.50 to 6618.00 g/kg in samples from Zhanjiang. Evident differences of concentrations, compositions and sources of PAHs in soils were observed between the two cities. The average concentrations of individual component and the sum of a group of PAHs in soil samples from Zhanjiang were significantly higher than those in Huizhou (P < 0.05). Phe, Flu, Pyr, Bbf and Baa were the dominant PAH components both in soil samples from Huizhou and Zhanjiang. Except for these five components, Bap, I1p, Daa and Bgp were also the dominant PAH components in soil samples from Zhanjiang. Coal combustion and liquid fossil fuel combustion were the same sources of PAHs in the two cities with different contributions, and petroleum played a key role in PAHs release in Zhanjiang.     

On-line enrichment and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulates using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence as detector

Seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulates were determinated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector using direction injection and an on-line enrichment trap column.The method simplified the sample pretreatment,saved time and increased the efficiency.With the on-line trap column,PAHs were separated availably even underground injecting 1.0 ml sample with relatively high column efficiency.The recoveries of the seven PAHs were from 85% to 120% for spiked atmospheric particulate sample.The limit of detection was 15.3-39.6 ng/L (S/N=3.3).There were good linear correlations between the peak areas and concentrations of the seven kinds of PAHs in the range of 1-50 ng/ml with the correlation coefficients over 0.9970.Furthermore,it also indicated that the method is available to determine PAHs in atmospheric particulates well.     

Coping with the environmental effects of point-source discharges

Current methods for assessing the environmental impact of point source discharges in the United States are reviewed. The emphasis of many assessments of damage from pollution is shifting from chemical or technological standards to biological standards, i.e., the protection of biological integrity in the receiving system. The importance of integrating information from chemical measurements, toxicity tests, and field surveys in impact assessment is re-emphasized. Ways in which environmental professionals can improve methods for assessing damage from pollution and its control are discussed.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations, compositions, sources, and associated carcinogenic risks to humans in farmland soils and riverine sediments from Guiyu, China

The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were measured in 23 farmland soil samples and 10 riverine sediment samples from Guiyu, China, and the carcinogenic risks associated with PAHs in the samples were evaluated. Guiyu is the largest electronic waste(EW) dismantling area globally, and has been well known for the primitive and crude manner in which EWs are disposed, such as by open burning and roasting. The total PAH concentrations were 56–567 ng/g in the soils and 181–3034 ng/g in the sediments.The Shanglian and Huamei districts were found to be more contaminated with PAHs than the north of Guiyu. The soils were relatively weakly contaminated but the sediments were more contaminated, and sediments in some river sections might cause carcinogenic risks to the groundwater system. The PAHs in the soils were derived from combustion sources,but the PAHs in the sediments were derived from both combustion and petroleum sources.     

Determination of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after molecularly imprinted polymer extraction

A solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) is described for the quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), as ubiquitous environmental pollutants routinely measured in air quality monitoring. A SPE cartridge was used based on a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP-SPE) properly tailored for selective retention of PAHs with 4 and more benzene fused rings. The performance of the clean-up procedure was evaluated with the specific concern of selective purification towards saturated hydrocarbons, which are the PM components mostly interfering GC analysis of target PAHs. Under optimized operative conditions, the MIP-SPE provided analyte recovery close to 95% for heavier PAHs, from benzo(α)pyrene to benzo(ghi)perylene, and close to 90% for four benzene rings PAHs, with good reproducibility (RSDs: 2.5%-5.9%). Otherwise, C₁₇-C₃₂ n-alkanes were nearly completely removed. The proposed method was critically compared with Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) using a polyacrylate fiber. Both methods were successfully applied to the analysis of ambient PM_2.5 samples collected at an urban polluted site. Between the two procedures, the MIP-SPE provided the highest recovery (R% ≥ 93%) for PAHs with 5 and more benzene rings, but lower for lighter PAHs. In contrast, SPME showed a mean acceptable R% value (∼ 80%) for all the investigated PAHs, except for the heaviest PAHs in the most polluted samples (R%: 110%-138%), suggesting an incomplete purification from the interfering n-hydrocarbons.     

Development and experience in the monitoring,assessment and control of environmentalpollutants in Hong Kong

The late start of environmental protection in Hong Kong was discussed in the light of problems encountered during the development of environmental protection legislation in Hong Kong for the past 20 years. The collaboration in monitoring and assessment of environmental pollutants between the University of Hong Kong and various governments were descrbed in parallel with the progress in environmental protection in Hong Kong. The developments of new analytical techniques for environmental monitoring and analysis is given and their application in environmental control described. The joint projects in assessment and control of environmental pollutants carried out in collaboration with local industries and other organizations within and without the university are given and discussed. The problems and possible solution facing Hong Kong in development control equipment for small scale industries are discussed and areas of development identified. The development and experience in the monitoring assessment and co     

Seasonal variation and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a background site on the Tibetan Plateau

The study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in northeastern Tibetan Plateau with fragile ecological environment and complex atmospheric circulation system is blank. To understand the characteristics and sources of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we monitored levels in the central Qilian Mountain. From 2016 to 2017, we collected 45-pair (particle + gas) samples using active air samplers to investigate the sources, transport paths, and their influencing factors. Sources of PAHs were analysed with a source diagnostic model, and atmospheric transport paths were calculated. The concentration range for ∑₁₅PAHs was 439–4666 pg/m³, and the average was 2015 pg/m³. The PAHs in central Qilian Mountain are mainly low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. Winter concentrations of PAHs were higher than those in summer. The transport of PAHs is mainly affected by westerlies, and there are seasonal differences. Source analysis showed that PAHs mainly came from coal and biomass combustion and vehicle emissions, with seasonal differences. This study clarifies the concentration and seasonal variation of PAHs in the northern Tibetan Plateau, which is conducive to understanding the atmospheric transport process and fate of pollutants. The background site of Qilian Mountains located in the Silk Road economic belt has the value and significance of long-term observation of pollutants.     

An assessment of the concentrations of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aftermath of a chemical store fire incident

PM10 airborne particles and soot deposit collected after a fire incident at a chemical store were analyzed in order to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). The samples were extracted with 1 : 1 hexane-dichloromethane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric(GC-MS) analysis. The total PAHs concentrations in airborne particles and soot deposit were found to be 3.27 1.55 ng/m^3 and 12.81 24.37 μg/g, respectively. Based on the molecular distributions of PAHs and the interpretation of their diagnostic ratios such as PHEN/(PHEN ANTH), FLT/(FLT PYR) and BeP/(BeP BaP), PAHs in both airborne particles and soot deposit may be inferred to be from the same source. The difference in the value of IP/(IP BgP) for these samples indicated that benzo[ g, h, i] perylene and coronene tend to be attached to finer particles and reside in the air for longer periods. Comparison between the molecular distributions of PAHs and their diagnostic ratios observed in the current study with those reported for urban atmospheric and roadside soil particles revealed that they are of different sources.     

恒能量同步荧光法测定土壤中多环芳烃的研究

为了建立快速测定土壤中多环芳烃的方法,文章运用恒能量同步荧光法对16种多环芳烃混合标样进行了分析。在优化的实验条件下,对实际土壤样品进行分析,可以鉴别出10种多环芳烃。研究表明:恒能量同步荧光法适合土壤样品中多环芳烃的快速分析;简化了土壤样品的前处理过程。     

龙岩大气颗粒物中多环芳烃源识别及污染评价

采用恒能量同步荧光法,研究了龙岩市区不同功能区冬、春季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs含量进行了评价. 结果表明:龙岩市区各功能区大气颗粒物中ρ(PAHs)为278.95～ 718.25 ng/m3,且冬季高于春季. 根据PAHs中一些特征标志物的比值,可判断冬、春季市区内PAHs主要来源于汽车尾气和燃煤污染. 采用苯并［a］芘(BaP)及苯并［a］芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价3个功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs的污染状况显示,冬季3个功能区苯并［a］芘含量(ρ(BaP))均超过国家标准(10 ng/m3),且ρ(PAHs)均严重超标.      

韶关市大气颗粒物多环芳烃的污染特征研究

采集韶关市PM10和PM2.5样品,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了16种PAHs的质量浓度,分析了16种PAHs在PM2.5中的时空分布特征,研究16种PAHs在PM10和PM2.5中分布的差异.结果显示:PAHs在PM2.5中的季节性分布具有冬、夏季高,春、秋季低的特点,且苯并[a]蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[c]芘、苯并[a]芘、荧蒽等在一年四季含量均较高;在空间上的分布显示交通区>工业区>商业区>居民区>休闲区.PAHs在PM2.5中的分布明显高于在PM10中的分布,在人为活动较为频繁的季节和区域,PAHs的含量明显增加.     

焦化厂土壤和地下水中PAHs分布特征及其污染过程

以煤炭为原料的焦化厂是环境中PAHs的主要人为污染源. 针对US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制的16种PAHs,对苏南某生产历史长达16 a、面积为44.58×104 m2的焦化厂土壤样品中的w(PAHs)以及地下水样品中的ρ(PAHs)进行了分析,并采用统计学方法对PAHs的分布规律进行了研究. 结果表明:表层土壤中除二苯并[a,h]蒽外,其他15种PAHs均被检出;w(2~3环PAHs)平均值占w(∑PAHs)平均值的92.6%,明显高于w(4~6环PAHs). 地下水中只检出强亲水性的萘、二氢苊、苊、芴、菲、蒽等6种低环PAHs,但未迁移至厂外. 厂区内土壤和地下水中PAHs污染均具有典型的区域分布特征,并且均为化厂车间最严重. 土壤防污性能的差异使PAHs在3.0 m黏土层〔K_y(垂向渗透系数)=1.28×10-8 cm/s〕中富集. 高环PAHs主要与有机质结合以固相迁移,因w(TOC)随深度增加而下降,部分高w(高环PAHs)点位土壤有机质吸附过饱和,未被吸附的高环PAHs向深层迁移至5.0 m含水层顶板,但因强疏水性未进入7.0 m含水层. 强亲水性低环PAHs以溶解态迁移进入含水层,但因地下水流动缓慢(流速为3.71×10-6 cm/s),PAHs污染区仅集中在化厂车间及其附近区域.      

多环芳烃的微生物降解与生物修复

生物修复在治理多环芳烃污染环境中的作用日益突出，其应用越来越受到重视。文中概述了生物修复技术发展的基础－多环芳烃微生物降解，论述了降解微生物分离、驯化、咱类、降解机制等，探讨了提高多环芳烃降解速率的途径及其存在的一些问题，并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

珠江澳门水域水柱多环芳烃初步研究

对采自澳门水域水柱不同深度水样溶解相及颗粒相(悬浮颗粒物)中的多环芳烃进行了定量分析。初步结果显示:多环芳烃质量浓度(溶解相和颗粒相)为1854 4～8733 4ng L,其中溶解相多环芳烃质量浓度为892～7944 5ng L,颗粒相为339 4～969 5ng L,16种优控多环芳烃的质量浓度为940～6654ng L;悬浮颗粒物中污染物的质量浓度自水柱表层至底部逐步减小,多环芳烃在颗粒相和溶解相中的分配系数(lgKp)也自上至下呈递减趋势,说明颗粒物主要是以沉降作用和水平迁移过程为主;水柱下层样品中多环芳烃的lgKp值异常升高,与水柱下层水体的悬浮物质量浓度较高以及盐水入侵(盐水楔)作用有关。      

活性炭纤维-固相微萃取技术快速检测烤肉中多环芳烃

文章采用新型活性炭纤维(ACF)做为固相微萃取(SPME)的萃取纤维与气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用,建立了一种快速检测烤肉中持久性污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的方法.烤肉由于其独特的风味深受人们喜爱.但是,在烤肉中含有致癌的PAHs,影响着人们的身体健康.烤肉中PAHs最佳提取条件为:2g匀浆样品,丙酮+甲醇(1∶0...     

不同生长期翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)体内多环芳烃富集的组织特异性研究

采用GC／MS测定了福建集美养殖区非繁殖期翡翠贻贝（Perna viridis）体内的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）,分析了不同生长期（个体大小不同）翡翠贻贝不同组织中PAHs的蓄积特征。结果表明,翡翠贻贝对PAHs的蓄积量（∑PAHs）为短生长期〉中生长期〉长生长期;外套膜〉内脏团,鳃组织中PAHs波动较大。贻贝易蓄积低环低分子量的PAHs,且随个体增大,各组织中低分子量的PAHs含量逐渐降低,高分子量的略有增加。     

北京市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染特征

对北京市2003-09～2004-07的10个月空气中的TSP样品进行了连续采样,周期为1次/周.分析了15种3～7环的PAHs,其中以4～5环为主.∑PAHs浓度及BaP的最大值分别达到705 ng/m³和52 ng/m³;春夏秋冬4季∑PAHs的平均浓度分别为46 ng/m³,16 ng/m³,52 ng/m³,268 ng/m³;BaP的4季平均浓度分别为2.8ng/m³,0.23 ng/m³,3.3 ng/m³,16ng/m³;采暖期∑PAHs平均浓度为非采暖期的9.5倍.在所分析的3种气象条件中,降水能够明显降低PAHs的浓度;非采暖期的PAHs浓度随温度的升高而降低,采暖期的浓度与温度没有明显的相关性;采暖期风速水平的增加会导致PAHs浓度的下降,而非采暖期不同环数的PAHs和风速水平的关系各异,3环的PAHs浓度随风速水平增加而增加,4、5环的PAHs浓度变化不大,6、7环PAHs随风速水平的增加而浓度下降.     

多环芳烃(PAHs)在大气中的相分布

通过对广州市老城区空气中多环芳烃的研究表明 ,该区多环芳烃的污染相当严重 ,不同季节测定的多环芳烃总量差别不大 ,但颗粒相多环芳烃在春季占的比例 (44 8% )要高于夏季 (9 4 % ) .气相中主要以芴、菲、甲基菲、荧蒽、芘等低环数的多环芳烃为主 ,而高于四环的多环芳烃主要是分布在颗粒相中 ,苯并 (ghi)是最主要的颗粒相多环芳烃物质 .