Nonmethane Hydrocarbons in Ambient Air of Hazy and Normal Days in Foshan, South China

A first study of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) on hazy and normal days was performed in Foshan for providing deep insight into the local deteriorating air quality. Ethane, propane, i-pentane, ethene, propene, ethyne, benzene, and toluene were eight most abundant compounds, accounting for 71%-85% of total NMHCs. Most hydrocarbons showed much higher levels on hazy days than normal days together with hydrocarbon/ethyne ratios and diurnal variations, indicating hazy days are more dominated by vehicular emission. Correlation coefficients (R(2)) of ethane, propane, ethane, propene, benzene, and total NMHCs with ethyne were 0.62-0.83, indicating these compounds are mainly related to vehicular emission. R(2) analysis indicated that solvent usage is responsible for toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., ethylbezene). Benzene/toluene (B/T) ratio was 0.44±0.23 during whole sampling periods, again indicating vehicular emission is the dominant source. Lower B/T ratio (0.30±0.14) on hazy days than that (0.58±0.21) on normal days suggested that solvent usage emitted toluene.     

利用空间分析建立简化的城市内涝模型

在已有内涝模型的基础上,依据城市的特征对经典模型进行了部分简化,并结合CIS的空间分析功能提出了一个新的城市内涝模型.该模型首先构建城市的地形模型、降雨模型、排水模型和地面特征模型等4个基础分析模型,并利用GIS空间分析划分计算粗单元,然后结合数学算法计算出每个粗单元内的积水深度,最后对粗单元进行平滑合并后最终生成城市内涝积水深度分布图.此外,为了验证模型的实用性,还将该模型运用于具体的分析实例中,实例输出结果充分展示了该模型在城市内涝预测和模拟中的实际效用.     

东北地区冬季降雪的气候特征及其区划

根据东北地区197个气象观测站1961-2006年冬季(12-2月)的逐日降雪量资料,采用线性趋势、小波分析、突变分析、t-检验、EOF(经验正交函数)、REOF(旋转经验正交函数)和CAST(聚类统计检验)等气候统计方法,对东北地区近45a来冬季降雪的气候特征进行了研究.结果表明:东北地区近45a冬季降雪呈下降趋势,每10a下降0.2mm.降雪具有明显的阶段性,1960年代中期到1970年代中期为偏少时段,1970年代中期以后到1980年代中期为偏多时段,1980年代中期至1990年代降雪基本持平,在2000年之后降雪量有所增加.东北地区冬季降雪在45a间始终存在着10a左右的长周期,1980年代以后存在着6a左右的周期,而在1970-1980年代和1990年代之后存在着4a的短周期.EOF分析结果表明:全区一致由北向南的正变化趋势为主要模态,大值区主要位于吉林东部和辽宁西北部,西北-东南反向变化,黑龙江北部同其它区域表现出反向变化特征,也是重要的异常模态.REOWCAST方法的区划表明:东北地区降雪主要分为4个区域,分别为辽宁-吉林东部、吉林北部-黑龙江南部、辽宁西南部和黑龙江北部地区,不同区域降雪量的变化趋势存在差异.     

杭州城市热岛空间分布及缓减对策

以夏季的杭州市为例,利用Landsat 5 TM热红外遥感数据提取并反演了杭州市地表的覆盖类型与地表温度,通过热场分级分析和剖面分析的方法,对杭州城市尺度下热岛的空间分布特征进行了分析,并揭示了杭州热岛的分布格局与城市用地类型、功能布局之间的空间对应关系,从城市用地类型的演化、城市空间格局的改变、城市用地布局的合理性以及人为热排放等方面剖析了杭州城市热岛的产生与影响机理.最后,从城市规划视角提出了合理控制城市用地扩展、构建开敞的城市生态空间、优化城市用地功能布局以及开展城市下垫面规划设计等城市热岛缓减对策,供未来杭州城市热环境改善工作参考.     

COMGIS在工程场地地震灾害风险预测中的应用

分析了传统的GIS技术在震害预测中的不足,提出了基于组件式GIS技术(COMGIS)的工程场地地震灾害风险评估系统的总体设计思路及设计方案;运用组件式GIS技术、数据库技术和空间分析技术构建信息管理平台,阐述了该系统的功能结构和数据流程;提出了工程场地地质资料的可视化查询和分析、地震影响场的生成、震害空间分析模型化等的实现思路与方法.研究表明:利用组件式GIS技术结合可视化编程语言所设计的工程场地地震灾害风险评估系统,能实现工程场地资料的有效利用,如地质剖面图的自动绘制、三维地质图的生成等;而且,能将震害分析模块化,集成到系统界面菜单上,实现震害分析的智能化,保证了系统开发的可持续性;同时,以场地液化、震陷、滑坡、场地类别作为场地地震灾害风险性预测的四大因子,在Mapx VB支持下进行叠合分析,编制出工程场地地震危险区综合预测图,可为场地规划和利用提供有效的基础资料.     

不同热力背景对城市降雨(暴雨)的影响(Ⅰ)──降雨分布的空间差异

如何准确描述和预测降雨（暴雨）的空间分布，已成为城市减灾防灾的重要内容。本文探讨了利用热信息研究城市降雨空间分布差异的方法．在遥感、ＧＩＳ技术支持下，利用对不同时期夏、冬季热图像的主成分分析和图像分割，将上海市１９５８～１９９８年热环境划分为自然、低温、高温３种不同的热力背景．在此基础上，就不同热力背景对城市降雨（暴雨）分布空间差异的影响规律进行了研究，为建立城市降雨空间差异预报模型奠定了基础．     

不同热力背景对城市降雨（暴雨）的影响（Ⅰ）—降雨分布的空间差异

如何准确描述和预测降雨（暴雨）的空间分布，已成为城市减灾防灾的重要内容，本文探讨了利用热信息研究城市降雨空间分布差异的方法。在遥感、GIS技术支持下，利用对没的期夏、冬季热图像的主成分析和图像分割，将上海市1958－1998年热环境划分为自然、低温、高温3种不同的热力背景。在此基础上，就不同热力背景对城市降雨（暴雨）分布空间差异的影响规律进行了研究，为建立城市降雨空间差异预报模型奠定了基础。     

基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统

地震次生火灾虽是1种相对罕见的城市灾害,然其巨大的破坏力却逐渐引起广大城市防灾工作者的注意。为了有效防止和抵御地震次生火灾,构建了基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾仿真系统,用于辅助防灾工作者预测和评价城市地震次生火灾的发生、蔓延、扑救和破坏过程。该仿真系统由4个部件构架而成,包括空间数据库、模型库、仿真中心和结果输出。空间数据库组织和收集城市中与地震次生火灾密切相关的空间和非空间数据,为仿真系统提供基础的数据源;模型库是整个仿真系统的核心,包括了地震次生火灾过程中3个关键阶段的模型,即震后起火模型、城市火灾蔓延模型和震后消防扑救模型;仿真中心是仿真系统的运行中心,实现数据和模型之间的集成,并提供完整的仿真方案进行模拟,并以表格、图件和报表的形式输出各种统计结果。这些统计结果可为防灾工作者的防灾决策提供科学的依据。     

基于关键区海温的华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型探讨

根据华南地区10个代表站点1961-2005年的气候资料、海温资料、历史灾情记录对华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型进行了研究。结果表明,构造的华南香蕉寒害指数与前人研究和历史灾情记录吻合,可以代表华南香蕉寒害的强弱。通过相关分析,找出了影响华南冬季寒害的前期夏季海温关键区为（5°S~5°N,170°~120°W）、（50°~60°N,180°~140°W）、（20°~30°N,140°~110°W）、（30°~40°N,140°~150°E）、（40°~50°N,150°~170°E）,关键区海温对华南冬季寒害影响具有明确的物理意义。利用逐步回归分析,以关键区海温为自变量建立了华南香蕉寒害长期预报模型。其中1961-1990年的数据用于建模,1991-2004年数据用于模型检验。模型拟合准确率和预报准确率均高于88%,这表明此模型具有较高的精度。     

Characterizing the urban heat island in current and future climates in New Jersey

Climate change caused by increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases is a long-term climate hazard with the potential to alter the intensity, temporal pattern, and spatial extent of the urban heat island (UHI) in metropolitan regions. Particular meteorological conditions—including high temperature, low cloud cover, and low average wind speed—tend to intensify the heat island effect. Analyses of existing archived climate data for the vicinities of Newark and Camden, New Jersey indicate urban to suburban/rural temperature differences over the previous half-century. Surface temperatures derived from a Landsat thermal image for each site were also analyzed for spatial patterns of heat islands. Potential interactions between the UHI effect and projected changes in temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover are then examined under a range of climate change scenarios, encompassing different greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. The scenarios include those utilized in the Metropolitan East Coast Regional Assessment of Climate Variability and Change and the A2 and B2 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES).

The UHI effect was detected in Newark and Camden in both satellite surface-temperature and meteorological station airtemperature records. The average difference in urban—nonurban minimum temperatures was 3.0 °C for the Newark area and 1.5 °C for Camden. Extrapolation of current trends and the selected global climate models (GCMs) project that temperatures in the case study areas will continue to warm in the current century, as they have over the past half-century. An initial analysis of global climate scenarios shows that wind speed may decline, and that cloud cover may increase in the coming decades. These generally small countervailing tendencies suggest that urban—nonurban temperature differences may be maintained under climate change.

Overall warmer conditions throughout the year may extend the spatial and temporal dimensions of the urban-suburban heat complex. The incidence of heat-related morbidity and mortality are likely to increase with interactions between the increased frequency and duration of heat waves and the UHI effect. Camden and Newark will likely be subjected to higher temperatures, and areas experiencing UHI-like conditions and temperature extremes will expand. Thus, urban heat island-related hazard potential is likely to increase in a warmer climate.     

Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey

Implementation of urban heat island (UHI) mitigation strategies such as increased vegetative cover and higher-albedo surface materials can reduce the impacts of biophysical hazards in cities, including heat stress related to elevated temperatures, air pollution and associated public health effects. Such strategies also can lower the demand for air-conditioning-related energy production. Since local impacts of global climate change may be intensified in areas with UHIs, mitigation strategies could play an increasingly important role as individuals and communities adapt to climate change. We use CITYgreen, a GIS-based modeling application, to estimate the potential benefits of urban vegetation and reflective roofs as UHI mitigation strategies for case study sites in and around Newark and Camden, New Jersey.

The analysis showed that urban vegetation can reduce health hazards associated with the UHI effect by removing pollutants from the air. Less affluent, inner-city neighborhoods are the ones in which the hazard potential of the UHI effect is shown to be greatest. However, these neighborhoods have less available open space for tree planting and therefore a lower maximum potential benefit. As the climate warms, these neighborhoods may face greater consequences due to interactions between the UHI effect and global climate change. Results also show that urban vegetation is an effective and economically efficient way to reduce energy consumption and costs at the sites.     

Moving from the 'why' to the 'how': reflections on humanitarian response in urban settings

Given the rising numbers of crises in urban settings, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is currently shifting its focus from 'why' it should intervene to 'how' it should intervene effectively in these contexts. Beyond communities affected by natural disasters and epidemics, MSF has chosen to target populations in urban settings that are affected by violence or by marginalisation and neglect: these groups appear to suffer the greatest number of severe threats to their health and well-being. Recent reflection within MSF has identified a number of key operational challenges to confront in order to respond efficiently to the needs of these populations. These include: appropriate assessments; measurable indicators of vulnerability and impact; pertinent operational approaches and medical strategies; adapted security management; and responsible closure of activities. This paper summarises the main lessons learned from working in urban settings with the principal aim of mutual sharing and understanding.     

Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornamental Plants

Pot-culture experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of 14 ornamental plants in weathered petroleum-contaminated soil, which was collected in the Shengli Oil Field, one of the biggest oil fields in China, by examining their impact on the degradation potential of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and its composition. Results showed Gaillardia aristata, Echinacea purpurea, Fawn (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), Fire Phoenix (a combined F. arundinacea), and Medicago sativa L. could effectively reduce TPHs and its composition in 10,000?mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. After a 30-day pot-culture experiment, the removal rates were 37.16%, 46.74%, 49.42%, 41.00%, and 37.93%, respectively, significantly higher than that in the control (only 12.93%). Removal rates of TPH composition including saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, asphaltene, and polar compound reached 39.41%, 38.47%, 45.11%, 42.92%, and 37.52%, respectively, also higher than that in the control (only 6.90%). Further, the total biomass did not significantly decrease for all plants tested in 10,000?mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oil in the plant tissues. These results suggested that the typical ornamental species including G. aristata, E. purpurea, Fawn, Fire Phoenix, and M. sativa can be adopted in phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil.     

Community resilience and urban planning in tsunami-prone settlements in Chile

Urban planning can serve to minimise the effects of a tsunami and enhance community resilience. This study explores to what extent urban planning has addressed tsunami resilience in four villages on Chile's South Pacific coast, each of which was struck by tsunamis in 1960, 2010, and 2015. Through a detailed policy review and semi-structured interviews with residents, this paper analyses whether tsunami mitigation policies were incorporated into regional and local planning tools. It finds that although the government proposed relocation to tsunami-safe areas after the tsunami of 1960, urban development continued mainly in tsunami inundation zones—in the context of weak local planning frameworks and in the absence of community participation. In only one of the four case studies did participatory planning bring about the relocation of an entire village to a safe location. This paper concludes that incorporating participatory risk zone planning into urban planning enhances tsunami resilience.     

基于SCS-CN与GIS耦合模型的闽三角城市群承灾空间淹没风险研究

以闽三角城市群为研究对象,创新水文SCS-CN算法与GIS耦合技术,计算出不同暴雨重现期(5 a,10 a,50 a一遇)下的淹没范围,构建闽三角城市群内涝淹没风险评估体系.通过地理探测器进一步探究淹没风险与社会生态系统空间分布规律,为闽三角城镇群的生态安全保障与可持续发展提供技术支撑.研究表明:闽三角城市群内涝淹没区...     

南京城区近地表不同地面覆盖层热岛效应观测与分析

在2008年7月27～28日南京城郊14个观测点温湿度观测数据的基础上,对南京城区、环玄武湖区和郊区的水泥地面、草地以及地面以上80cm高程近地表处的大气温湿度日变化规律、热岛效应和干岛效应强度进行了分析。结果表明:①南京城区近地表的热岛效应十分明显,城郊最大日平均温差:水泥地为3.1°C,大气为1.9°C,草地为1.2°C;②环玄武湖区水泥地的热岛效应明显,但近地表的大气和草地的热岛效应几乎不存在;③城区干岛效应明显,城区湿度比郊区明显要小,其中水泥地的平均湿度差最大,达到-14.1%;④城区湿度与温度呈相反的日变化规律,且湿度的变化主要取决于大气的温度变化;⑤南京城区雨花台、新街口、南汽和夫子庙等地的热岛效应较强,城市中的湖泊和草地对缓解城市热岛效应有显著的作用,而城市中的水泥地面对城市热岛效应起到明显的加剧作用,长江对城西地区的热岛效应起到消解作用。     

Unregulated urban sprawl and spatial distribution of fire events: evidence from Greece

Fire events are an annual phenomenon in Greece with damages and even casualties, making their understanding and management important. In this paper, we present fire events provided by NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System and place them along a number of spatial types defined by relief and land cover classes. Results demonstrate that the occurrence of fire events is related more to some land cover classes than others. The most important in terms of overall frequency in all types of terrain is ‘Agricultural Areas’, as a result of farming practices that involve fire. The second more important type of areas is ‘Artificial Surfaces’, especially in low lying areas. These events are related to urban growth and sprawl and are very often a direct outcome of speculation practices with land properties, encouraged by the absence or poor implementation of spatial planning.     

上海大雾气候特征及风险区划研究

大雾作为一种比较常见的灾害性天气,对交通运输和人体健康等都会造成严重的影响。基于上海市11个气象站1971-2000年的大雾数据和城市基础地理信息,利用地理信息系统和层次分析法,结合专家调查法,建立了上海市大雾风险的评价指标体系和权重,开展了上海市大雾的风险特征及地理区划研究,获得了1 km空间分辨率的上海大雾气候特征图、上海城市对大雾敏感性特征图和上海市大雾风险区划图。初步研究表明,这种方法对城市大雾评估和风险区划是可行的。     

Aid in a city at war: the case of Mogadishu, Somalia

Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, has been central to life, war, and peace in the country for almost two decades. Its urban characteristics, though, have been put to one side for the most part. In recent years, Mogadishu-related issues have been merged mostly into a global agenda for South and Central Somalia, resulting in the technical and coordination approaches employed in the city largely being reproductions of solutions utilised in refugee camps and rural areas. Unfortunately, urban problems require urban solutions. The aid system is just starting to discover how specific aid in cities at war should be, both from an organisational and a technical standpoint. The enhancement of aid practices in an urban setting implies, among other things, a more strategic approach to the specific spatial characteristics of the city, a more fine-tuned analysis of the technical requirements of the urban service delivery systems, and a better understanding of the role of urban institutions.     

Risk perception and trust in the context of urban brownfields

Data are reported from a postal questionnaire completed by 747 residents of two urban local authority areas within which there were sites of brownfield land with significant levels of contamination. Respondents rated their perceptions of the extent to which their neighbourhood and own home were relatively vulnerable to contamination, their concern about possible effects of contamination, their satisfaction with their council in terms of consultation with residents on housing and development issues, and their trust in their council with respect to contaminated land risks. Satisfaction with, and trust in, the council was generally low in both areas, and especially so among those who perceived themselves to be more vulnerable to contamination. Nonetheless, dissatisfaction was less marked in the area where the local authority, according to background information, had pursued a more open and proactive style of risk communication and consultation with residents. The main predictors of trust, across both areas, were perceptions that the council was openly prepared to tell residents what they knew, and that the council had residents’ interests at heart. Implications are discussed for the impact of different modes of risk communication on trust.