沿海城市PM10和PM2.5自动监测过程中质量浓度“倒挂”现象分析与成因探讨

2020年2—3月,位于福建沿海地区中部的莆田市在环境空气质量自动监测过程中出现了严重的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度"倒挂"现象,小时值"倒挂"率为19.86%,日均值"倒挂"率为16.67%。在高相对湿度和低风速气象条件下,颗粒物会出现严重的"倒挂"现象,"倒挂"过程中常伴随着颗粒物和气态污染物(SO_2、NO_2和CO)质量浓度的增加。因此,于2020年2月16日—3月26日开展了颗粒物自动监测和手工监测比对,并结合气象参数、气态污染物质量浓度,以及PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子和液态水的含量特征,进一步探讨了莆田市颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要成因。研究表明,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)自动监测仪器检测原理的差异是导致颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的重要原因之一,而气象条件(相对湿度、气温和风速等)、颗粒物质量浓度、颗粒物中主要吸湿组分(NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+)和液态水的含量也是颗粒物质量浓度"倒挂"的主要影响因素。莆田市2020年2—3月出现高频率"倒挂"现象是多重因素共同作用的结果,解决该问题需要同时考虑监测仪器检测原理、气象参数、颗粒物质量浓度和吸湿组分等的影响。     

睢宁地区大气PM_(2.5)及气态污染物季节性变化特征

根据2014年全年实时在线观测数据,分析了徐州睢宁地区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))和气态污染物(包括SO_2、CO、NO_x、O_3)质量浓度的季节性变化特征。结合后向轨迹模型,分析不同气团对该地区大气污染浓度的影响。PM_(2.5)与O_3值在夏季最低,呈显著相关,表明夏季PM_(2.5)主要受控于本地大气光化学活性。在冬季,除O_3外,PM_(2.5)、SO_2、CO、NO_x值最高,且大气颗粒物主要以细粒子为主。O_3在春季最高,并与远程传输的气团且经过我国东部污染源密集地区相对应。高浓度的PM_(2.5)主要与冬季缓慢移动的气团相对应,这可能将PM_(2.5)及其气态前体物传输至该地区进而加重大气污染程度。     

新疆环境空气中PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值特征分析

随着环境空气质量新标准的全面实施,PM_(2.5)监测已经全面普及,并成为全国大部分城市关注的首要污染物,根据新疆环境空气质量监测网中不同区域、不同时段颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))质量浓度监测结果,对PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)质量浓度的比值关系进行深入分析,研究其在新疆典型区域特殊气象条件下的分布规律,为科学合理评价和考核新疆环境空气质量提供数据支持与参考。     

盐城市空气污染对呼吸系统日门诊量关系的时间序列分析

根据盐城市2014—2018年逐日空气污染物监测数据细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、二氧化氮(NO_2)、二氧化硫(SO_2)、臭氧(O_3)、气象数据(日平均温度、日平均相对湿度)及市区某三甲综合医院呼吸系统日门诊资料,采用时间序列半参数广义相加模型,以滞后天数最大效应值作为空气污染物对人群呼吸系统日门诊量影响的超额危险度,分析了盐城市空气污染物短期暴露对人群呼吸系统日门诊量的影响。结果表明,2014—2018年盐城市空气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2和O_3平均值分别为48.4,81.8,26.3,15.8和111.2 mg/m~3,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)值高于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准。污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2和O_3值每升高10 mg/m~3,呼吸系统日门诊量就增加0.52%,0.31%,3.54%,4.36%和0.03%,SO_2效应最强。空气污染物的短期暴露影响呼吸系统日门诊量,且存在滞后效应,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2影响较大。     

福州地区冬春典型污染过程PM2.5特征及成因分析

综合使用HYSPLIT、PSCF与CWT、PMF等分析方法,针对福建省福州地区冬春季节发生的多次污染过程(P1～P4),深入研究PM_(2.5)典型污染特征、成因及其潜在源区等。初步分析认为PM_(2.5)为影响P1～P4过程中福州地区环境空气质量的首要污染物。PM_(2.5)组分特征分析表明,移动源对PM_(2.5)污染有较大贡献,每次污染过程中的二次反应明显。HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析表明,P1、P2以本地污染源贡献为主,P3、P4存在较强的污染气团输送。PMF源解析分析P1、P2结果认为,福州地区冬春PM_(2.5)主要来源均为机动车源,分别为35.86%和42.75%,二次源分别为24.55%和30.52%,而冬季P1过程中工业/燃煤源(29.06%)的来源贡献明显高于春季P2过程(19.92%)。P3、P4作为受到外来污染传输叠加影响的典型案例,颗粒物激光雷达监测发现P3的PM_(2.5)污染主要受北方污染传输影响;PSCF与CWT联合分析结果表明,P4中的PM_(2.5)污染主要来自福州地区西南方向,颗粒物浓度贡献值高于80μg/m~3。     

乌鲁木齐市冬季大气颗粒物PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)污染水平及相关性研究

为研究乌鲁木齐市冬季采暖期间大气颗粒物污染特征,通过采样和在线监测二种手段分析了2015年1~2月大气颗粒物样品,采用重量法分析颗粒物质量浓度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),采样期间乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度均超过了国家二级标准,颗粒物污染严重;PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)存在显著相关性,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 浓度的比值均大于0.5,采暖期PM2.5对乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物贡献显著。     

基于气象因子的PM_(2.5)回归预测模型研究

采用Pearson相关系数分析了2013—2016年3大典型城市北京、南京和广州的ρ(PM_(2.5))与各气象因子的关系。结果表明,3个城市ρ(PM_(2.5))与各风速因子最大的相关系数依次为-0.44,-0.29和-0.37,与各气温因子最大的相关系数依次为-0.44,-0.33和-0.37,气压与南京和广州的ρ(PM_(2.5))正相关,气压因子最大的相关系数分别为0.25和0.34,湿度与北京ρ(PM_(2.5))正相关,与广州ρ(PM_(2.5))负相关,湿度因子最大的相关系数分别为0.49和-0.36,日照时数与北京ρ(PM_(2.5))相关系数为-0.46,降水量与南京和广州ρ(PM_(2.5))相关系数分别为-0.20和-0.24;采用逐步线性回归方法建立城市次日ρ(PM_(2.5))与气象因子的预测模型,复合相关系数分别为0.722 8,0.770 6和0.809 9。模型预测3个城市2016年PM_(2.5)年均值分别偏高4,5和3μg/m3,日均值平均相对误差为±45.6%,±32.9%和±26.0%,模型对高ρ(PM_(2.5))普遍低估。     

多通道PM_(2.5)采样器的设计及与进口采样器比对测试

设计了多通道大气颗粒物采样器,可同时采集4个通道的PM_(2.5)样品,灵活配置采样通道的开启,每个通道单独设置质量流量计,采用闭环反馈技术,通过比例阀、流量传感器及流量控制板共同控制和校正采样流量,保证通道流量的稳定性。与单通道采样器(BGI PQ 200)进行了为期30 d的比对测试,结果表明,多通道采样器斜率、截距和相关系数均符合《环境空气颗粒物(PM10和PM_(2.5))采样器技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 93—2013)的要求,可满足实际应用需求。     

黑龙江省环境空气污染物和气象要素的典型相关分析

通过对黑龙江省4个自然年(2016年1月1日—2019年12月31日)环境空气污染物和气象要素的分析,揭示了黑龙江省气象条件对空气污染物浓度的影响规律与特征。对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3等6项污染物的描述性统计和简单的相关分析显示:黑龙江省环境空气质量呈现逐年变好的趋势,非采暖期环境空气质量好于采暖期,6项污染物中除O_3呈现夏季偏高以外,其余污染物采暖期浓度均高于非采暖期。运用典型相关分析法探究环境空气污染物与温度、降水量、相对湿度、风速和气压5项气象要素之间的关系,并进行统计学检验,结果表明:环境空气污染物与气象要素之间存在显著相关,温度、风速和相对湿度对污染物具有显著影响。非采暖期大气相对湿度对PM_(10)和O_3-8h的影响显著;而在采暖期,风速对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的影响显著。     

焦作市大气污染物特征和相关性分析

为研究焦作市大气污染特征及其相关性,对2015—2017年焦作市4个国控空气监测点位的监测数据进行统计分析。结果表明:2015—2017年城区环境空气污染SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度均呈逐年下降趋势;大气污染浓度季节变化特征明显,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO的浓度均为冬季最高、夏季最低,空气质量指数也在冬季达到最高值; O_3浓度则为夏季最高、冬季最低。2017年焦作市沙尘天气共计36 d,严重影响了环境空气中颗粒物的浓度。由PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的比值说明大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主。通过SPSS软件分析,SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度间呈两两正相关,O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈负相关。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.