乌鲁木齐市冬季大气颗粒物PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)污染水平及相关性研究

为研究乌鲁木齐市冬季采暖期间大气颗粒物污染特征,通过采样和在线监测二种手段分析了2015年1~2月大气颗粒物样品,采用重量法分析颗粒物质量浓度,并对其相关性进行分析。结果表明:依据《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),采样期间乌鲁木齐市大气PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)的日均质量浓度均超过了国家二级标准,颗粒物污染严重;PM_(10) 和PM_(2.5)存在显著相关性,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10) 浓度的比值均大于0.5,采暖期PM2.5对乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物贡献显著。     

长沙市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度的变化特征

为检验PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)新监测标准实施近3年长沙大气颗粒物污染状况,利用近3年每日监测数据,对长沙10个国控自动监测点PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)达标情况、首要污染物及变化特征进行研究分析。结果表明,近3年长沙市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值;2013年污染最严重。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)月均值峰值出现在1月和11月,谷值在8月,各月PM_(2.5)超标天数和首要污染物为PM_(2.5)天数都大于PM_(10);PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)冬季日均值浓度明显高于其他季节,呈双峰型,峰值在上午10:00和20:00~21:00,夜晚浓度高于白天;PM_(2.5)春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型,峰值在20:00~21:00;PM_(10)四季日变化呈双峰型。PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度的比值(P)1月和2月最高,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)日均值有着显著的线性相关性。     

城市环境空气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布的均匀性研究

对长沙市环境空气中PM10、PM2.5质量浓度进行自动监测,并统计分析其分布的均匀性。结果表明,在1 d的4个典型时刻以及日内,PM2.5的质量浓度分布总体上较PM10均匀;从月内日均值及2013年1月—10月的月均值变化情况看,PM2.5质量浓度的相对标准偏差(RSD)总体高于PM10,表明PM2.5在长时间尺度上的分布较PM10更不均匀;就功能区分布而言,PM10、PM2.5质量浓度分布的均匀性没有明显的区域差异,两者的变化幅度与功能区类别没有必然联系。     

江苏省PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空变化格局模拟

基于遥感数据,利用多元线性回归模型研究地面监测的PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据与AOD、气象数据及地面植被覆盖等数据的关系,空间精细化反演江苏省PM_(2.5)质量浓度分布。结果表明,AOD、气象数据及地面植被覆盖数据能较好地反演出PM_(2.5)质量浓度时空分布特征;江苏全省PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现出冬高秋低、春夏居中的季节变化规律;春、冬季PM_(2.5)质量浓度的高值区集中在苏锡常、宁镇扬及泰州、南通等东南沿海的城市,而在靠近西北内陆的盐城、连云港、徐州、淮安、宿迁PM_(2.5)质量浓度较低,夏、秋季呈现出相反的态势。     

广州市PM_(2.5)质量浓度垂直分布在线监测研究

广州塔空气质量自动监测站在地面至高空500 m高度内布设了4个站点。在自动站内利用PM_(2.5)质量浓度点式在线监测和激光雷达消光系数遥感监测技术,实现对PM_(2.5)质量浓度垂直分布的在线监测,监测方法具有很高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率。利用该方法开展阶段性监测表明:PM_(2.5)质量浓度与355 nm消光系数间具有很好的线性关系,R2达到0.853 7,利用线性关系式可反演PM_(2.5)质量浓度。对200 m~550 m间反演结果分析表明:反演结果与在线监测数据具有很好的相关性,相关系数达到0.868以上;PM_(2.5)质量浓度随着高度改变呈显著的对数相关关系,R2达到0.992 6。     

阿克苏市空气质量PM_(2.5)浓度变化研究与对策

近年来随着雾霾天气的频发和空气环境质量的不断下降,有关PM_(2.5)的研究逐渐成为研究的重点和热点。本研究利用阿克苏市2014年PM_(2.5)连续在线监测数据,对PM_(2.5)的污染现状和季节变化、月变化、日变化、昼夜变化规律进行探讨和分析。结果表明,阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均值春季最高,其次为冬季,夏季最低。春季沙尘天气和冬季采暖燃烧源是PM_(2.5)质量浓度增加的主要原因;阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度日均值为14.96~282.84μg/m3,年平均值为77.85μg/m3,是国家二级标准的1.04倍;阿克苏市PM_(2.5)质量浓度春季白天高于夜间,夏季和冬季白天低于夜间。     

夏收和秋收期间泰州市空气质量特征研究

利用2012—2015年泰州市空气质量监测数据,分析夏、秋收期间城市环境空气质量特征,探讨引发重污染天气的原因。结果表明,夏收期间空气质量整体优于秋收,2012年、2013年秋收期间空气质量最差,达到重污染以上的天数分别为10 d、6 d,颗粒物尤其是PM_(2.5)超标较严重,2015年秋收期间空气质量显著好转。秸秆焚烧日PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度呈较高相关性,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值比非秸秆焚烧日高。基于气团后向轨迹及秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测火点图将污染事件分类,研究得出秸秆焚烧和区域输送是导致城市污染加重的主要因素。     

小波方差分析北京市PM_(2.5)质量浓度序列周期特征

为分析北京市大气污染物PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时间序列周期性,采用Morlet小波变换对PM_(2.5)质量浓度进行分析,利用小波方差估计该市PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度的主周期,并通过显著性检验。结果表明,北京市PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度主周期为180 d左右,为后续大气污染物PM_(2.5)时间序列研究提供参考。     

南阳市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)污染特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用2015年1月1日至12月31日南水北调中线源头南阳市主城区5个国控空气质量监测站24 h自动连续采样的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度数据和同期气象要素观测数据,分析了南阳市大气颗粒物浓度的污染特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:2015年南阳市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为0.136、0.074 mg/m~3,超标率分别为31.8%、39.2%;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)峰值均出现在1月,PM_(10)谷值出现在11月,PM_(2.5)谷值出现在9月;PM_(10)四季日变化均呈双峰型,而PM_(2.5)冬季日变化呈双峰型,其他季节无明显峰值;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值在43%~65%,均值54%;PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)与大气压呈显著正相关,与温度、相对湿度呈显著负相关,与风速、降水相关性不明显。     

昌吉市采暖期和非采暖期PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染特征分析

昌吉市2016年冬春季多次出现雾霾天气,针对昌吉市2016年采暖期和非采暖期PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的浓度变化特征进行分析,结果显示:2016年全年空气质量在二级以上达标的天数为267 d,占72.9%,未达标天数占26.6%;采暖期PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的质量浓度显著高于非采暖期,平均值是非采暖期的5.6倍和3.1倍,2月浓度值达到最高;采暖期间的首要污染物质为PM_(2.5),比例最高占66.3%,PM_(10)次之(占33.7%),非采暖期间污染物质PM_(10)占37.4%,PM_(2.5)占8.1%;采暖期间PM_(2.5)在PM_(10)中的比重(60.8%)也高于非采暖期(33.3%)。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM2.5和PM10样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM2.5和PM10的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM2.5和PM10污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m3和111.0μg/m3;各主要源类对PM2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM10贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

克拉玛依市大气PM2.5、PM10污染水平浅析

根据从2012年1月1日至2012年3月30日在同一个监测点取得的PM2.5和PM10监测数据,分析采暖期颗粒物污染水平特征。结果表明,PM2.5浓度和PM10浓度之间高度线性相关;克拉玛依市冬季空气环境中PM2.5是PM10中的主要组成成分;PM2.5浓度在一天内基本保持稳定,而PM10浓度在一天之中的变化幅度较大,峰值出现在中午上下班高峰期。     

郑州市 PM2．5和 PM10质量浓度变化特征分析

根据郑州市2013年PM2．5和PM10颗粒物连续自动监测数据，对郑州市各国控站点的PM2．5和PM10的达标情况、变化趋势等进行探讨分析。结果表明：2013年郑州市PM10和PM2．5的年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值。 PM10和PM2．5月均值峰值出现在1月和10月，谷值出现在8月，各月PM2．5的超标天数都大于PM10。PM10和PM2．5冬季的日均值浓度明显高于其他季节，呈双峰型，夜晚浓度整体高于白天；PM2．5春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型，PM10夏季和秋季呈单峰型，春季呈双峰型。 PM2．5和PM10日均值有着非常显著的线性相关关系，PM2．5和PM10浓度的比值（p）10月最高。     

Distribution of PM2.5 and PM10-2.5 in PM10 Fraction in Ambient Air Due to Vehicular Pollution in Kolkata Megacity

This research paper aims at establishing baseline PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentration levels, which could be effectively used to develop and upgrade the standards in air pollution in developing countries. The relative contribution of fine fractions (PM_2.5) and coarser fractions (PM_10-2.5) to PM₁₀ fractions were investigates in a megacity which is overcrowded and congested due to lack of road network and deteriorated air quality because of vehicular pollution. The present study was carried out during the winter of 2002. The average 24h PM₁₀ concentration was 304 μg/m³, which is 3 times more than the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and higher PM₁₀ concentration was due to fine fraction (PM_2.5) released by vehicular exhaust. The 24h average PM_2.5 concentration was found 179 μg/m³, which is exceeded USEPA and EU standards of 65 and 50 μg/m³ respectively for the winter. India does not have any PM_2.5 standards. The 24 h average PM_10-2.5 concentrations were found 126 μg/m³. The PM_2.5 constituted more than 59% of PM₁₀ and whereas PM₁₀-PM_2.5 fractions constituted 41% of PM₁₀. The correlation between PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 was found higher as PM_2.5 comprised major proportion of PM₁₀ fractions contributed by vehicular emissions.     

Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne PM10 AND PM2.5 in Mainland Portugal

This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for PM₁₀ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for PM₁₀ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for PM_2.5 was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for PM_2.5 was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in PM_2.5 than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities.     

Indoor air quality modeling for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 in naturally ventilated classrooms of an urban Indian school building

Assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) in classrooms of school buildings is of prime concern due to its potential effects on student??s health and performance as they spend a substantial amount of their time (6?C7 h per day) in schools. A number of airborne contaminants may be present in urban school environment. However, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) is of great significance as they may significantly affect occupants?? health. The objectives of the present study are twofold, one, to measure the concentrations of PM₁₀ (<10  $\upmu $ m), PM_2.5 (<2.5  $\upmu $ m), and PM_1.0 (<1.0  $\upmu $ m) in naturally ventilated classrooms of a school building located near a heavy-traffic roadway (9,755 and 4,296 vehicles/hour during weekdays and weekends, respectively); and second, to develop single compartment mass balance-based IAQ models for PM₁₀ (NVIAQM_pm10), PM_2.5 (NVIAQM_pm2.5), and PM_1.0 (NVIAQM_pm1.0) for predicting their indoor concentrations. Outdoor RSPM levels and classroom characteristics, such as size, occupancy level, temperature, relative humidity, and CO₂ concentrations have also been monitored during school hours. Predicted indoor PM₁₀ concentrations show poor correlations with observed indoor PM₁₀ concentrations (R ² = 0.028 for weekdays, and 0.47 for weekends). However, a fair degree of agreement (d) has been found between observed and predicted concentrations, i.e., 0.42 for weekdays and 0.59 for weekends. Furthermore, NVIAQM_pm2.5 and NVIAQM_pm1.0 results show good correlations with observed concentrations of PM_2.5 (R ² = 0.87 for weekdays and 0.9 for weekends) and PM_1.0 (R ² = 0.86 for weekdays and 0.87 for weekends). NVIAQM_pm10 shows the tendency to underpredict indoor PM₁₀ concentrations during weekdays as it does not take into account the occupant??s activities and its effects on the indoor concentrations during the class hours. Intense occupant??s activities cause resuspension or delayed deposition of PM₁₀. The model results further suggests conductance of experimental and physical simulation studies on dispersion of particulates indoors to investigate their resuspension and settling behavior due to occupant??s activities/movements. The models have been validated at three different classroom locations of the school site. Sensitivity analysis of the models has been performed by varying the values of mixing factor (k) and newly introduced parameter R _c. The results indicate that the change in values of k (0.33 to 1.00) does not significantly affect the model performance. However, change in value of R _c (0.001 to 0.500) significantly affects the model performance.     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

环境空气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)监测分析质量保证及其评价

为保证四城市ＰＭ２５和ＰＭ１０的监测数据准确,具有可比性,本研究规定了滤膜的选择、称量操作步骤的要求和滤膜称量的质控指标。研究结果表明,粗细颗粒物样品的采集和称量操作可行,监测数据准确、可靠,具有可比性。     

Identification of source regions of PM10 with backward trajectory-based statistical models during PM10 episodes

This study applies backward trajectory-based statistical techniques, residence time, conditional probability and emission attraction to evaluate potential source regions of PM₁₀ over a coastal region. PM₁₀ episodes were selected by principal component analysis for 1998–2005 over the Kaoping air quality basin. Residence time was applied to identify potential regions in which air parcels would remain over their 6- and 12-h trajectories. Emission attraction and conditional probability were used to analyze contribution ratios of distinct emission sources to air quality stations. The PM₁₀ episodes screen 175 days (6 % of total days) and 35.9 % of total station numbers. Residence time and emission attraction clearly identified potential areas in which backward trajectories remained during PM₁₀ episodes and high PM₁₀ events. Emission attraction evaluated relative contributions of various sources (stationary, line, and area) from specific jurisdictions, and provided information on specific sources for high-priority PM₁₀ emissions reduction. The conditional probabilities of emission attraction during high PM₁₀ events show that high values concentrated near stationary and area sources in the city of Kaohsiung.