Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety

Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.     

Assessment of stormwater runoff management practices and governance under climate change and urbanization: An analysis of Bangkok,Hanoi and Tokyo

As human history is changing on many fronts, it is appropriate for us to understand the different perspectives of major global challenges, of which, water is a major priority. The water resources in urban areas are either approaching or exceeding the limits of sustainable use at alarming rates. Groundwater table depletion and increasing flood events can be easily realized in rapidly developing urban areas. It is necessary to improve existing water management systems for high-quality water and reduced hydro-meteorological disasters, while preserving our natural/pristine environment in a sustainable manner. This can be achieved through optimal collection, infiltration and storage of stormwater. Stormwater runoff is rainfall that flows over the ground surface; large volumes of water are swiftly transported to local water bodies and can cause flooding, coastal erosion, and can carry many different pollutants that are found on paved surfaces. Sustainable stormwater management is desired, and the optimal capture measure is explored in the paper. This study provides commentary to assist policy makers and researchers in the field of stormwater management planning to understand the significance and role of remote sensing and GIS in designing optimal capture measures under the threat of future extreme events and climate change. Community attitudes, which are influenced by a range of factors, including knowledge of urban water problem, are also considered. In this paper, we present an assessment of stormwater runoff management practices to achieve urban water security. For this purpose, we explored different characteristics of stormwater runoff management policies and strategies adopted by Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. This study analyses the abilities of Japanese, Vietnamese and Thai stormwater runoff management policies and measures to manage water scarcity and achieve water resiliency. This paper presents an overview of stormwater runoff management to guide future optimal stormwater runoff measures and management policies within the governance structure. Additionally, the effects of different onsite facilities, including those for water harvesting, reuse, ponds and infiltration, are explored to establish adaptation strategies that restore water cycle and reduce climate change-induced flood and water scarcity on a catchment scale.     

上海市雨水污染控制初探

水环境的严重污染和饮用水资源的匮乏，已对上海市的持续发展构成了直接和潜在威胁。在借鉴国外雨水处理利用的研究，应用成果，综合考虑上海市水环境，城市建设及经济发展现状和地区特点的基础上，对上海地区城市雨水污染及其特性，控制雨水污染措施等作了阐述。     

人工湿地控制暴雨径流污染的实验研究

研究了不同填料，不同植物的人工湿地对暴雨径流中污染物的去除，实验结果表明：（1）以沸石为填料的人工湿地对暴雨径流中的COD，N具有高而稳定的去除率。（2）沸石能高效去除氨氮，并可生物再生，长期保持吸附氨氮能力。（3）N的去除是通过硝化，反硝化作用。植物吸收，微生物的同化作用去除。（4）草蒲和芦苇对N的去除效果没有明显区别。（5）对COD的去除，芦苇好于菖蒲，但菖蒲的除P能力大于芦苇。     

城市降雨径流污染控制与管理模式

介绍了城市雨水径流最佳管理模式国内外研究现状,以北京城区的研究为基础,探讨适合我国城市降雨径流污染控制与管理模式框架,突出强调技术措施和非技术措施相结合、总量控制和源头控制的技术路线和体系,展望了我国径流污染控制的方向。     

Characterisation of dissolved organic matter in stormwater using high-performance size exclusion chromatography

Understanding the complexity of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in stormwater has drawn a lot of interest,since DOM from stormwater causes not only environmental impacts,but also worsens downstream aquatic quality associated with water supply and treatability.This study introduced and employed high-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC)coupled with an ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis)diode array detector to assess changes in stormwater-associated DOM characteristics.Stormwater DOM was also analysed in relation to storm event characteristics,water quality and spectroscopic analysis.Statistical tools were used to determine the correlations within DOM and water quality measurements.Results showed that dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and UV absorbance at 254 nm(UV_(254))as conventional DOM parameters were found to be correlated well to the changes in stormwater quality during each of the three storm events studied.Both detector wavelengths(210and 254 nm)and their ratio(A_(210)/A_(254))were found to provide additional information on the physiochemical properties of stormwater-associated DOM.This study indicated that A_(210)/A_(254) is an important parameter which could be used to estimate the DOM proportions of functional groups and conjugated carbon species.This study provided also an understanding of stormwater quality constituents through assessing variability and sensitivity for various parameters,and the additional information of rainfall characteristics on runoff quality data for a better understanding of parameter correlations and influences.     

Regulating oil and gas facility stormwater discharge: An assessment of surface impoundments,spills, and permit compliance

Contaminated stormwater runoff from oil and gas (O&G) operations can pose a significant threat to surface waters. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of this threat and identify more specific permitting requirements to protect surface waters. To better understand the extent of the threat, this paper identified and characterized the use of waste surface impoundments at O&G facilities as well as the threat level from O&G spills in California. To assess the efficacy of the current federal and California state-permitting regime, the paper evaluated stormwater permit compliance in two California counties. It also reviewed selected spill cases and associated Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plans and Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans to identify the adequacy of current industry practices.The analysis showed that contaminated stormwater from O&G facilities can be better regulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency does not require O&G facilities to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit even though many O&G industry practices have the potential to contaminate stormwater runoff from the site. When O&G facilities discharge a Reportable Quantity of a hazardous chemical or violate a water quality standard, they are required to enroll in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program. Spills, although not a direct indication of stormwater runoff, can highlight polluted runoff discharges that should have been regulated. Medium and large spills that reached waterways were such a risk for which operators did not file for a permit. In California new filing requirements for the oil and gas industry require all facilities that discharge stormwater that has come into contact with any overburden, raw material, or intermediate products located on the site, to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit. As this study showed, there has been an increase in enrollment since the enactment of the new requirements. Having all facilities enroll in the general permit program, as done in California, would require minimum monitoring and maintenance that could help prevent spills. A further step to ensure better protocol is to require specific pollution control practices in addition to the current general permit requirements. Such permitting regimes not only can be implemented on the US federal level but also internationally.     

雨水就地处置方式的环境风险评价

雨水的就地处置正在成为一种新的处理雨水的方法，但是由于雨水径流水质的不稳定性，回灌可能会对环境产生不利的影响。因此在实施雨水回灌前需进行环境风险评价。通过对上海市雨水径流中常见污染物质含量分析（包括重金属，微生物，阴阳离子以及常规水质指标4个方面），对各种监测和实验数据进行详细分析，得出在严格控制回灌区域，保证回灌雨水水质的前提下，雨水回灌不会对环境带来不利影响的结论。     

Investigation on the effectiveness of pretreatment in stormwater management technologies

The effectiveness of presettling basins as component of stormwater best management practice （BMP） technologies was investigated. Storm event monitoring and sediment collection were conducted from May 2009 to November 2012 on the presettling basins of the three BMP technologies designed to capture and treat stormwater runoff from highly impervious roads and parking lots. Data on captured runoff and sediment, total suspended solids （TSS） loadings, rainfall and runoff rate, sediment accumulation rate, as well as particle distribution and pollutant concentrations of sediment were gathered and analyzed along with the physical design characteristics of the presettling basins such as surface area and storage volume. Regression models were generated to determine significant relationships between design parameters. Results revealed that the storage volume ratio （ratio of storage volume of presettling basin to BMP） was an important parameter in designing the presettling basin of the BMP. For practicality, optimizing the design of the presetfling basin means that the storage volume ratio should be determined based on the desired captured amount of runoff and sediment from runoff to limit the frequency of maintenance caused by the accumulation of sediment. It was recommended that pretreatment of runoff should be employed when the site in which the BMP is to be sited has high TSS loading and runoff rate, and is subjected to high intensity rainfall.     

松花江底泥沉积物中重金属释放影响因素的研究

以松花江哈尔滨段底泥沉积物为实验对象,研究松花江底泥沉积物中重金属的释放规律,使用循环槽(circulating flume)模拟松花江水力学条件,考察了重金属在上覆水和底泥中的沉积和释放。结果表明:松花江哈尔滨段底泥沉积物中重金属只有镉(Cd)超标,其它检测出重金属没有超标;随着温度升高,沉积物重金属溶出释放量也随之增加;重金属在酸性条件下的释放量明显高于碱性条件下的释放量;水体盐度升高,沉积物重金属的溶出释放也随之升高;水体扰动达到160 r/min时,重金属的释放达到最高值。     

中国有色金属行业绿色发展和技术转型

我国有色金属行业发展迅速,铜、铝、铅、锌等10种有色金属产量占世界的40%以上。我国有色金属行业在资源节约、环境友好型产业的方针指导下,不断推动主体工艺技术进步,技术装备水平进入世界先进行列,重金属污染物防治、废物综合利用取得新进展,清洁生产取得显著成果,末端技术取得新突破。目前有色金属行业环境污染压力依然很大,需切实转变发展方式,继续走绿色发展之路。     

计算机辅助金属塑性加工生产及其集成化

计算机辅助技术在各个领域的应用都取得了很大的成就,但各自独立的发展已经影响了它们在工业生产中的应用和推广,只有把它们集成起来才能进一步提高生产力,现生产自动化.此文阐述了金属塑性加工生产中的主要CA功能及其集成系统的形成.     

上海市大气颗粒物中金属元素特征

分析上海市５个采样点，１９８６年至１９８７年连续１２个月的大气颗粒物样品中的１１种金属元素含量。结果表明，市区各功能区之间，以及各个季节之间，元素分布特征差异；细粒子中的重金属元素主要受局部地区工业源和气象条件的影响；与其它城市相比，上海市大气颗粒物中的重金属元素含量高数倍；通过粒径－成份以及富集因子分析，探讨了这些元素的来源。     

金属粉末成形过程中出现裂纹的分类研究

分析了金属粉末成形过程中出现裂纹的特点和形成原因，并根据裂纹形成的阶段和形成原回，将金属粉末成形过程中出现的裂纹进行了系统分类。     

电凝聚法处理含重金属综合废水的试验研究

本试验采用自行设计的电凝聚污水处理装置,对含重金属污染物的综合废水进行处理,废水处理能力为1m3/h。结果显示:电凝聚法处理后的出水水质达到污水综合排放标准,对铜、锌、铬等重金属的平均去除率在94%以上,乳化油的平均去除率在99%以上,COD的平均去除率在92%以上;试验装置对进水的流量负荷具有较好的耐冲击性;经济分析结果为,电耗和运行费用分别为1.1kw.h/m3和0.65元/m3。     

果胶在水处理中的研究进展

果胶作为一种功能多样的生物可降解天然高分子,日益成为研究的热点,并已应用于多种领域。本文综述了果胶在水处理中的研究进展,包括其作为重金属吸附剂和絮凝剂的研究,并对今后的发展前景进行了展望。     

城市污水厂污泥中重金属去除及其土地利用的研究现状

污泥中富含磷、氮和钾等农作物需要的营养物质,但碍于污泥中残留的重金属离子而难以使用.文章介绍了污泥中重金属的存在形式及作用机理,综述了几种能有效去除重金属的方法(吸附法、淋滤法和化学法),分析了各种方法的优缺点、影响因素、处理效果、适用范围及处理后土地利用的现状,以期处理后的污泥能够作为农用土地,减轻剩余污泥二次污染危...     

基于GIS的沈阳沈抚灌区上游土壤质量现状评价

以沈阳沈抚灌区上游指定区域为研究对象,对停灌10多年来土壤中重金属镉和铬以及有机物石油烃进行了单因子指数法评价,同时运用Arcgis软件分析制定出了采样区域单项污染指数分布图,按照单项污染指数评价,结果表明:重金属总镉和总铬以清洁级为主,有机物石油烃以重污染为主。Arcgis插值分析得出空间分布图表明:重金属总镉含量不受灌渠分布影响。重金属总铬北部区域大于南部区域。灌渠对有机物石油烃含量影响明显,对于停灌10多年有机物石油烃修复效果,旱田作业要好于水田作业。     

Metal distribution characteristic of MSWI bottom ash in view of metal recovery

Bottom ash is the major by-product of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI), and is often reused as an engineering material, such as road-base aggregate. However, some metals(especially aluminum) in bottom ash can react with water and generate gas that could cause expansion and failure of products containing the ash; these metals must be removed before the ash is utilized. The size distribution and the chemical speciation of metals in the bottom ash from two Chinese MSWI plants were examined in this study, and the recovery potential of metals from the ash was evaluated. The metal concentrations in these bottom ashes were lower than that generated in other developed countries. Specifically, the contents of Al,Fe, Cu and Zn were 18.9–29.2, 25.5–32.3, 0.7–1.0 and 1.6–2.5 g/kg, respectively. Moreover,44.9–57.0 wt.% of Al and 55.6–75.4 wt.% of Fe were distributed in bottom ash particles smaller than 5 mm. Similarly, 46.6–79.7 wt.% of Cu and 42.9–74.2 wt.% of Zn were concentrated in particles smaller than 3 mm. The Fe in the bottom ash mainly existed as hematite, and its chemical speciation was considered to limit the recovery efficiency of magnetic separation.     

污水灌溉对沈阳市农田土壤中重金属含量的影响

通过对 2个灌区上、中、下游土壤中重金属的监测分析 ,得出虽然污水灌溉已停止 ,但其对土壤的污染仍然存在 ,重金属在土壤中累积并被作物吸收后随食物链进入人体 ,危害人类健康