用后处理装置减少DMDF发动机的有害排放

在一台增压中冷电控单体泵的四缸柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇双燃料(DMDF)燃烧方式进行台架实验,研究了甲醇替代率和不同后处理装置对有害气体、烟度和微粒排放特性的影响。结果表明:在排气管加装柴油机氧化催化转化器(DOC)耦合微粒催化转化器(POC)可以大幅降低双燃料燃烧产生的THC和CO,基本可以实现零排放;与催化前相比,微粒的总数量浓度和总质量浓度均有大幅度降低,平均降幅分别为91.7%和88.1%;烟度排放得到改善,平均降幅为21.9%;同时,该后处理装置对DMDF发动机的NO_x排放无明显影响。与之不同,双DOC耦合的后处理装置对THC和CO的催化效率略优于DOC+POC,但在大部分工况下会导致NO_x和烟度排放的同时增加。     

柴油机机外净化技术发展现状及展望

汽车柴油化已成为一个国际趋势,柴油机的气体净化得到越来越多的关注,面对欧洲Ⅳ/Ⅴ排放标准,开发适用于高标准的排放控制技术成为迫切需要解决的问题,而机外净化是这一技术的关键。对当前国内外研究和应用较多的柴油机机外净化技术进行了综述,分析了各种方法的原理、特点、处理效果及应用前景,并对其发展的趋势进行了展望。     

车用柴油机燃用生物柴油的排放特性

为了研究生物柴油对发动机排放污染物的影响,采用台架实验研究了直喷自然吸气式4缸柴油机使用纯柴油B0、混合燃料B10、B20和B30以及纯生物柴油B100的污染物排放特性,通过进行不同转速和扭矩工况台架实验,分析发动机负荷和转速对柴油机排放污染物的影响。实验结果表明,在所有实验工况下,使用生物柴油能减少柴油机THC、CO和PM排放,增加NOx排放,随着混合燃油中生物柴油掺混比例的升高,THC、CO、PM和NOx排放的变幅逐渐增大,THC和CO的排放不断降低,而NOx和PM的排放变化呈现trade-off关系,相同掺混比例下,PM降低的幅度都大于NOx增加的幅度。     

柴油机颗粒物及重金属比排放特征研究

测定了国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ3种排放水平道路柴油机及一种非道路国Ⅱ柴油机的颗粒物与重金属比排放。结果表明,国Ⅴ排放水平的道路柴油机在颗粒物及重金属比排放方面均远低于国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机,重金属比排放仅为国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ道路柴油机的约75%。国Ⅳ道路柴油机瞬态工况(ETC)试验的颗粒物及重金属比排放均显著高于稳态工况(ESC)试验,且大排量柴油机在ETC试验中重金属比排放比小排量柴油机高出20%以上。道路与非道路柴油机7种重金属比排放顺序基本为As>Zn、Cu、Cr>Ni、Pb>Cd。非道路国Ⅱ柴油机重金属总比排放是道路柴油机重金属比排放的近16倍,表明非道路柴油机在颗粒物和重金属比排放方面对环境的污染风险均显著高于道路柴油机。     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究进展

本文从柴油机排放的特点、柴油机排放的标准、柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术等方面进行了综述与探讨,就柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究提出了一些建议和设想.     

柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究进展

本文从柴油机排放的特点、柴油机排放的标准、柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术等方面进行了综述与探讨,就柴油机排放碳颗粒物和NOx催化净化技术的研究提出了一些建议和设想。     

锅炉、有色、生活垃圾焚烧、非道路移动机械等4项污染物排放新标准部分解读

正环境保护部会同国家质检总局日前发布了《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13271—2014)、《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485—2014)、《锡、铺、汞工业污染物排放标准》(GB 30770—2014)和《非道路移动机械用柴油机排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国第三、四阶段)》     

柴油车排气后处理装置PDPF的试验研究

介绍了一种用于柴油车排气后处理的PDPF的结构和工作原理。通过对比试验考察了PDPF的性能，包括ETC试验、全负荷烟度试验、自由加速烟度试验以及总功率检测。带PDPF与不带PDPF相比，PDPF对ETC排气中PM的降低效率达57.5%；对全负荷的滤纸式烟度和不透光烟度影响不大；使自由加速烟度有所下降；对发动机的动力性和经济性几乎没有影响。可靠性试验研究显示出PDPF的良好应用前景。     

公交车燃用B5生物柴油的非常规污染物排放特性及对区域大气污染物减排的作用

为推行区域大气污染联合防治并推广使用B5生物柴油,基于重型底盘测功机,采用C-WTVC循环,对比研究满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用国Ⅴ柴油、京Ⅵ柴油和B5生物柴油时的非常规污染物排放特性。结果表明:相比京Ⅵ柴油在采用B5生物柴油后,在不同耐久里程下的所有样车整体上的1,3-C_4H_6排放因子平均降低20.53%;C_6H_6排放因子平均降低7.67%;C_7H_8排放因子平均降低11.22%;HCHO排放因子平均降低14.92%;SO_2排放因子平均降低6.09%。实验证明城市公交车在燃用B5生物柴油后的非常规污染物排放均降低。城市公交车推广使用B5生物柴油可有效净化大气质量,对区域大气污染物减排有着重要意义。     

广东省"十四五"时期机动车污染减排潜力研究

为研究广东省“十四五”时期机动车污染减排潜力,设置3种方案进行减排分析。结果表明,淘汰老旧机动车能较好地削减机动车NO_x排放量,而对挥发性有机物(VOCs)的净减排效果不佳。淘汰国Ⅱ及以下排放标准汽油车、国Ⅲ及以下排放标准柴油货车情况下,广东省各市NO_x削减比例均超过10%。汕尾市、湛江市、茂名市、云浮市、揭阳市、阳江市、潮州市、清远市、河源市和梅州市淘汰国Ⅱ及以下排放标准机动车、50%国Ⅲ排放标准柴油货车能达到NO_x减排10%以上的效果,而珠三角地区城市需全面淘汰国Ⅲ及以下排放标准柴油货车才能达到该减排效果。为遏制广东省O₃浓度上升势头并推动其进入下降通道,要加强“油、路、车”协同管控,珠三角地区应采取比粤东、粤西和粤北地区更有力的协同控制措施。     

Review of light-duty diesel and heavy-duty diesel gasoline inspection programs

Emissions from diesel vehicles and gas-powered heavy-duty vehicles are becoming a new focus of many inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs. Diesel particulate matter (PM) is increasingly becoming more recognized as an important health concern, while at the same time, the public awareness of diesel PM emissions because of their visibility have combined to increase the focus on diesel emissions in the United States. This has resulted in an increased interest by some states in including heavy-duty vehicle testing in their I/M program. This paper provides an overview of existing I/M programs focused on testing light-duty diesel vehicles, heavy-duty diesel vehicles, and heavy-duty gasoline vehicles (HDGVs). Information on 39 I/M programs in 27 different states in the United States plus 9 international inspection programs is included. Information on the status of diesel emissions technology and current test procedures is also presented. The goal is to provide useful information for air quality managers as they work to decide whether such I/M programs would be worth pursuing in their respective areas and in evaluating the emissions measurement technology to be used in the program. Testing of HDGVs is generally limited to idle testing, because dynamometer testing of these vehicles is not practical, and most were not certified on a chassis basis. Testing of diesel vehicles has mostly been limited to SAE J1667 "snap-idle" opacity testing. Cost-effective technology for measuring diesel emissions currently does not exist, and, therefore, opacity-type measurements, although not effective at reducing the pollutants of most significant health concern, will continue to be used.     

Comparison of carbonyl compounds emissions from diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel

The characteristics of carbonyl compounds emissions were investigated on a direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The gas-phase carbonyls were collected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges from diluted exhaust and analyzed by HPLC with UV detector. A commercial standard mixture including 14 carbonyl compounds was used for quantitative analysis. The experimental results indicate that biodiesel-fueled engine almost has triple carbonyls emissions of diesel-fueled engine. The weighted carbonyls emission of 8-mode test cycle of biodiesel is 90.8 mg (kW h)^?1 and that of diesel is 30.7 mg (kW h)^?1. The formaldehyde is the most abundant compound of carbonyls for both biodiesel and diesel, taking part for 46.2% and 62.7% respectively. The next most significant compounds are acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone for both fuels. The engine fueled with biodiesel emits a comparatively high content of propionaldehyde and methacrolein. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has lower specific reactivity (SR) caused by carbonyls compared with diesel. When fueled with biodiesel, carbonyl compounds make more contribution to total hydrocarbon emission.     

柴油的指纹提取及基于其指纹信息的层次聚类分析

采用气相色谱/质谱方法对6种常见柴油中的主要生物标志物进行定量分析,并基于生物标志物指纹信息进行了层次聚类分析.结果表明:(1)柴油中含有丰富的饱和链烷烃生物标志物；双环倍半萜类生物标志物含量较高,分布特征显著,较好地补充了柴油中生物标志物的指纹信息.(2)柴油中美国环境保护署优先控制的多环芳烃含量较低,含有非常少量的...     

燃油催化微粒捕集器在柴油机排气后处理中的应用研究

分析探讨了柴油机排气颗粒物的组成及危害,介绍了一种燃油催化微粒捕集器的结构及原理,结合发动机台架试验数据分析了该微粒捕集器对柴油机排气颗粒物的改善效果,同时研究了该微粒捕集器的强制再生过程以及对柴油机动力性和燃油经济性的影响.试验结果表明,该微粒捕集器具有较大的应用前景.     

Real-world emissions of carbonyl compounds from in-use heavy-duty diesel trucks and diesel Back-Up Generators (BUGs)

Emissions of carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are of interest to the scientific and regulatory communities due to their suspected or likely impacts on human health. The present work investigates emissions of carbonyl compounds from nine Class 8 heavy-duty diesel (HDD) tractors and also from nine diesel-powered backup generators (BUGs); the former were chosen because of their ubiquity as an emission source, and the latter because of their proximity to centers of human activity. The HDD tractors were operated on the ARB 4-Mode heavy heavy-duty diesel truck (HHDDT) driving cycle, while the BUGs were operated on the ISO 8178 Type D2 5-mode steady-state cycle and sampled using a mobile emissions laboratory (UCR MEL) equipped with a full-scale dilution tunnel. Samples were analyzed using the SAE930142 (Auto/Oil) method for 11 aldehydes, from formaldehyde to hexanaldehyde, and 2 ketones (acetone and methyl ethyl ketone). Although absolute carbonyl emissions varied widely by BUG, the relative contributions of the different carbonyls were similar (e.g., median: 56% for formaldehyde). A slight increasing trend with engine load was observed for relative formaldehyde contribution, but not for acetaldehyde contribution, for the BUGs. On-road per-mile carbonyl emission factors were a strong function of operating mode of the ARB HHDDT cycle, and found to decrease in the order Creep>Transient>Cruise. This order is qualitatively similar to emission factors for PAHs and n-alkanes determined for the same set of Class 8 diesel tractors in an earlier work. In general, relative carbonyl contributions for the HDD tractors were similar to those for BUGs (e.g., median: 54% for formaldehyde). These results indicate that while engine operating mode and application appear to exert a strong influence on the total absolute mass emission rate of the carbonyls measured, they do not appear to exert as strong an influence on the relative mass emission rates of individual carbonyls.     

Experimental investigation of diesel engine performance fuelled with the blends of Jatropha curcas,ethanol, and diesel

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nonrenewable fossil fuels show increased demand and with fossil fuels at a rapid depleting stage, there seems to be an increase in requirement for...     

On-road and laboratory investigation of low-level PM emissions of a modern diesel particulate filter equipped diesel passenger car

Modern diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems are very effective in reducing particle emissions from diesel vehicles. In this work low-level particulate matter (PM) emissions from a DPF equipped EURO-4 diesel vehicle were studied in the emission test laboratory as well as during real-world chasing on a high-speed test track. Size and time resolved data obtained from an engine exhaust particle sizer (EEPS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC) are presented for both loaded and unloaded DPF condition. The corresponding time and size resolved emission factors were calculated for acceleration, deceleration, steady state driving and during DPF regeneration, and are compared with each other. In addition, the DPF efficiency of the tested vehicle was evaluated during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) by real time pre-/post-DPF measurements and was found to be 99.5% with respect to PM number concentration and 99.3% for PM mass, respectively. PM concentrations, which were measured at a distance of about 10 m behind the test car, ranged from 1 to 1.5 times background level when the vehicle was driven on the test track under normal acceleration conditions or at constant speeds below 100 kmh^?1. Only during higher speeds and full load accelerations concentrations above 3 times background level could be observed. The corresponding tests in the emission laboratory confirmed these results. During DPF regeneration the total PM number emission of nucleation mode particles was 3–4 orders of magnitude higher compared to those emitted at the same speed without regeneration, while the level of the accumulation mode particles remained about the same. The majority of the particles emitted during DPF regeneration was found to be volatile, and is suggested to originate from accumulated sulfur compounds.     

水中柴油污染物的微生物降解及其动力学

以混合柴油为靶污染物,通过对比实验研究了油污染物在模拟水环境中的降解效果。研究表明,模拟自然条件下混合柴油污染物总体降解较慢,油质去除率低;生物强化降解条件下,向混合柴油污染水样中添加驯化培养的微生物混合菌群,生物降解速率明显提高,油质去除率达到98%以上。研究还发现,各污染水样中油的降解速率与降解效果随柴油的配比而不同,混合柴油样本中生物柴油的比例越高,样本的降解率越高,表明生物柴油作为碳源有效改善了水中有机营养配比,促进了柴油的去除效果。进一步分析表明,混合柴油在水中的降解过程符合一级反应动力学,生物强化降解条件下,生物柴油比例越高,混合柴油降解速率越快,除油微生物以菌胶团、球菌和丝状菌为主。     

Experimental investigation of regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with Euro V diesel fuel and fumigation methanol

Experiments were conducted on a four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine with part of the engine load taken up by fumigation methanol injected into the air intake of each cylinder to investigate the regulated and unregulated gaseous emissions and particulate emission of the engine under five engine loads at an engine speed of 1920 rev min^?1. The fumigation methanol was injected to top up 10%, 20% and 30% of the engine load under different engine operating conditions.The experimental results show that at low engine loads, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreases with increase in fumigation methanol; but at high engine loads, the BTE is not significantly affected by fumigation methanol. The fumigation methanol results in significant increase in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) emissions, but decrease in nitrogen oxides (NO_x). For the unregulated gaseous emissions, unburned methanol, formaldehyde and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) emissions increase but ethyne, ethene and 1,3-butadiene emissions decrease. Particulate mass and number concentrations also decrease with increase in fumigation methanol. A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is found to reduce significantly most of the pollutants, including the air toxics, when the exhaust gas temperature is sufficiently high.     

Emission profile of 18 carbonyl compounds,CO, CO2, and NOx emitted by a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and ternary blends containing diesel,ethanol and biodiesel or vegetable oils

The impact of vehicular emissions on air depends, among other factors, on the composition of fuel and the technology used to build the engines. The reduction of vehicular emissions requires changes in the fuel composition, and improving the technologies used in the manufacturing of engines and for the after-treatment of gases. In general, improvements to diesel engines have targeted not only emission reductions, but also reductions in fuel consumption. However, changes in the fuel composition have been shown to be a more rapid and effective alternative to reduce pollution. Some factors should been taken into consideration when searching for an alternative fuel to be used in diesel engines, such as emissions, fuel stability, availability and its distribution, as well as its effects on the engine durability. In this work, 45 fuel blends were prepared and their stability was evaluated. The following mixtures (v/v/v) were stable for the 90-day period and were used in the emission study: diesel/ethanol – 90/10%, diesel/ethanol/soybean biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/castor biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/residual biodiesel – 80/15/5%, diesel/ethanol/soybean oil – 90/7/3%, and diesel/ethanol/castor oil – 90/7/3%. The diesel/ethanol fuel showed higher reduction of NO_x emission at a lower load (2 kW) when compared with pure diesel. The other fuels showed a decrease of NO_x emissions in the ranges of 6.9–75% and 4–85% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. The combustion efficiencies of the diesel can be enhanced by the addition of the oxygenate fuels, like ethanol and biodiesel/vegetable oil, resulting in a more complete combustion in terms of NO_x emission. In the case of CO₂ the decreases were in the ranges of 5–24% and 4–6% at 1800 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively. Meanwhile, no differences were observed in CO emission. The carbonyl compounds (CC) studied were formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, butanone, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-toluenaldehyde, m-toluenaldehyde, p-toluenaldehyde, hexaldehyde, octaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde, and decaldehyde. Among them, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propionaldehyde showed the highest emission concentrations. When ternary blend contains vegetable oil, there is a strong tendency to increase the emissions of the high weight CC and decrease the emissions of the low weight CC. The highest concentration of acrolein was observed when the fuel contains diesel, ethanol and biodiesel. With the exception of NO_x, the use of ternary blended fuels resulted on the increase in the emission rates of the studied compounds.