城市生态系统承载力研究进展

承载力一词来自生态学，最初应用于对自然生态系统中生物数量的研究。从城市生态学与城市生态系统理论的发展角度介绍了城市生态学中承载力一词含义及其发展过程，并重点介绍了国内外学者对资源承载力、环境承载力及生态承载力的研究与应用。针对城市所具有的明显自然-社会-经济复合生态系统特征，笔者认为应该在城市生态系统承载力研究中强调社会经济系统能力的贡献。     

区域资源环境承载力评价研究进展及展望

区域资源环境承载力评价是综合衡量区域人口与资源环境间的协调性、区域经济可持续发展性的重要途径与方法,全面了解区域资源环境承载力评价的研究进展对于指导未来的研究方向具有十分重要的意义。通过聚焦资源环境承载力的基础理论,区域资源环境承载力评价的方法选择、指标体系构建与实证研究,对区域资源环境承载力评价的国内外研究成果进行了综述。区域资源环境承载力的基础理论研究较少,其理论体系尚未形成;应用单一评价方法的局限性;区域资源环境承载力评价指标体系的指标选取过于庞统、缺乏定量依据;区域资源环境承载力评价的实证研究缺少对于空间尺度多元性与地域开放性的关注。未来研究中亟需解决的主要问题包括:明确区域资源环境承载力的定义、内涵与外延、本质特征、构成要素、承载机理与演进机制等基础理论内容,构建理论分析框架;定性与定量评价方法的结合使用,注重引入GIS地理空间技术方法;基于区域资源与环境的现实状况,设计针对性强、更加科学合理的区域资源环境承载力评价指标体系;建立动态监测平台,实时监控分析区域内与区域间的资源环境状况。     

生态承载力研究进展

从生态承载力角度研究区域资源-生态-环境问题,是当今生态学、地理学和经济学等学科研究的热点与前沿领域之一。在调研现有研究成果基础上,阐述了承载力的起源、演化与发展以及国内外研究进展,对生态承载力的概念、研究方法、研究趋势及其与可持续发展的关系等进行了评述。生态承载力内涵可以概括为“特定时间、特定生态系统自我维持、自我调节的能力,资源与环境子系统对人类社会系统可持续发展的一种支持能力以及生态系统所能持续支撑的一定发展程度的社会经济规模和具有一定生活水平的人口数量”。今后生态承载力研究的发展方向是:研究对象趋向多元化,研究领域呈现交叉综合趋势;生态脆弱带将继续成为研究的热点地区;研究重点将继续向动态模拟化方向发展;新方法、新技术手段将不断应用于生态承载力研究。     

北京市环境政策评价研究

选取北京市 1985— 1999年环境经济数据 ,建立北京市经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型 ,为评价北京市环境政策提供依据。此实证研究得出两个重要结论 :北京市环境指标与人均GDP演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征 ;但比发达国家较早实现了其环境库兹涅茨曲线转折点     

基于承载力提升视角的村镇资源环境承载力评价研究：以北京大兴区采育镇为例

资源环境承载力评价是一系列国土空间规划的基础,是空间管控底线的重要组成部分。以北京大兴区采育镇作为案例区进行村镇尺度承载力评价探索,建立基于"驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应"即DPSIR模型的承载力综合指标体系,分析镇内资源环境状况,得到各村承载力评价分级结果和基于承载力提升的空间规划方案评估结果。结果表明,采育镇内各村资源环境状态存在较大差异,这主要是由于各村人口密度、用地集约程度差异导致,也与各村用地结构、经济发展模式直接相关。该研究对未来小尺度承载力评价思路提出展望,同时为其他地区小尺度资源环境承载力评价提供参考。     

资源环境承载力与区域可持续发展

实施"可持续发展战略"是世界各国的发展共识。可持续发展理念的核心是经济发展、资源保护和生态环境保护相协调统一。资源环境承载力是制定可持续发展战略规划的基础。只有准确衡量区域的资源环境承载力,才能从整体上以承载力为约束对国土空间进行科学规划,引导社会经济活动在资源节约、环境保护的基础上科学发展,从而实现区域的可持续发展。文章综述了与区域可持续发展密切相关的四大类资源承载力(包括土地资源、水资源、能源资源和生物资源承载力)和两大类环境承载力(包括空气环境和水环境承载力)的重要性。在综合我国国家标准文件和研究论文的基础上,总结了四大类资源承载力和两大类环境承载力的主要评价指标和评价标准。更进一步,结合我国的资源承载力和可持续发展的研究和实践现状,从研究内容和指标体系构建两方面着眼,指出应尽快制定符合我国国情的评价标准和综合评价体系,并通过简化评价过程来提高资源环境承载力评价的可操作性。     

基于能值改进的生态足迹模型在济南市的应用分析

运用传统生态足迹模型及基于能值改进的生态足迹模型分别计算了2007年济南市生态足迹与生态承载力,得出的人均生态赤字分别为2.4974hm2、5.2769hm2.两者的计算结果都得出2007年济南市的生态足迹超过其生态承载力,表明济南市的人类活动对该区域的生态系1统的影响远超过了该区域的生态承载力范围,将对生态系统造成较大的压力,生态环境处于不安全状态,研究区属于不可持续的地区.基于能值分析理论改进的生态足迹模型所采用的能值转换率、能值密度等参数更加稳定,克服了传统模型的不稳定、精确度不高的缺点,使计算结果更具有可信度,更准确地反映研究区域生态经济系统的环境状况.     

小尺度资源环境承载力预警评价研究——以大鹏半岛为例

建立资源环境承载力监测预警机制,是生态文明制度创新的一项重要工作。已开展的资源环境承载力研究多针对大尺度区域,而针对小尺度区域开展的研究相对较少。该研究在小尺度水平,以大鹏半岛为例,分别从区级和街道级两个层次构建了资源环境承载力预警评价指标体系,定量评价了2014年大鹏半岛资源环境承载状况,对资源环境承载力整体-局部的分配问题进行了探讨。结果表明,大鹏半岛资源环境承载力总体上处于轻警状态,3个街道的综合资源环境承载状况较为一致。土地资源承载力、水资源承载力、生态资源承载力、海洋环境承载力、大气环境承载水平均较高,表现为无警或轻警水平;但地表水环境承载力和固废、交通等基础设施承载力是其短板,特别是地表水环境承载力,大鹏半岛的承载指数为0.36,处于重警水平。3个街道在单要素承载力方面存在空间差异。其中,葵涌街道的土地资源和水环境承载状况最好,大鹏街道的土地资源、水环境、基础设施承载状况最差,南澳街道的水资源承载状况最佳。研究成果可为该区域资源环境开发利用、可持续发展决策提供更精准的技术支撑,也可为其他地区的小尺度资源环境承载力监测预警体系研究提供参考借鉴。     

基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境公平性研究

通过对人均生态承载力内涵的扩展,提出了生态承载系数的概念。从多个时间断面出发,计算2001—2010年安徽省17个地市的人均生态承载力,并选取能源消耗、水资源消耗、SO2排放和COD排放4个评价因子,构建基于人均生态承载力的安徽省资源环境基尼系数和生态承载系数的计算与评价方法。结果表明:(1)安徽省SO2排放的资源环境基尼系数高于0.4的警戒线,能源消耗的资源环境基尼系数接近0.4的警戒线,水资源消耗和COD排放的资源环境基尼系数均处于相对平均等级。(2)总体来看,省内资源型城市马鞍山、淮南,经济较发达城市合肥和沿江工业城市安庆、芜湖是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放不公平性的主要因子,需要优化资源环境分配;皖南山区城市黄山、池州和宣城是安徽省资源消耗和污染物排放公平性的主要因子。该研究可为安徽省资源环境安全性评估和分配提供理论依据。     

城市山地公园环境承载力分析——以重庆市照母山公园为例

对重庆市照母山公园的环境承载力进行测算分析,以期找出环境承载力的限制性因子及检验各因子是否协调发展,进而从规划设计的角度寻求山地公园环境资源的保护策略与方法.结果表明:照母山公园水体生态承载力仅为4 552人次/d,由于不以水景作为主要观赏资源,且固体垃圾为及时人工处理,因此生态承载力取值大气生态承载力,极限值为170 499人次/d;基于公园建筑空间、室外面状游憩空间和道路空间测算得到的空间承载力极限值为56 958人次/d;停车场的承载力是设施承载力的限制因素,故设施承载力取其值,极限值为9 736人次/d;社会承载力极限值为10 342人次/d.因此重庆市照母山公园日环境承载力极限值为170 499人次/d,认为该公园总体规划是比较合理的,但应增加休憩设施数量和疏林草地空间,加强水体保护和清洁.表7参16     

Evaluation of ecosystem health for regional development in the southwestern Beijing, China

Ecosystem health assessment is one of the most important issues in regional ecological quality and safety studies. It also has a great significance to ecological conservation and regional development. This study focused on assessing the health status of forest, agriculture and urban ecosystems in the southwestern Beijing, China, including the Fangshan and Fengtai Districts. Based on field surveys and data collection, an assessment index system containing the vigor, organization and resilience factors was developed to measure the ecosystem health. Each index was scored from 1 to 5, representing five levels that contribute to the whole ecosystem health. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to measure the weights of each index and three factors, and thus an overall score for a certain ecosystem was calculated. The results show that the forest ecosystem in the Fangshan District had higher health value than the Fengtai District, while the urban ecosystem had a slightly lower value in the Fangshan District than the Fengtai District. Both districts show lower resilience values in forest and urban ecosystems. Maintaining the ecosystem health will definitely benefit the long-term development of two districts. This study suggested that an approach for assessing the regional ecosystem health could be further developed to address spatial and synergy relationships between ecosystems and the three health factors.     

Dynamic simulation of urban water metabolism under water environmental carrying capacity restrictions

A revised concept for urban water metabolism (UWM) is presented in this study to address the inadequacies in current research on UWM and the problems associated with the traditional urban water metabolic process. Feedback loops can be analyzed to increase the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC) of the new urban water metabolism system (UWMS) over that of a traditional UWMS. An analysis of the feedback loops of an UWMS was used to construct a system dynamics (SD) model for the system under a WECC restriction. Water metabolic processes were simulated for different scenarios using the Tongzhou District in Beijing as an example. The results for the newly developed UWM case showed that a water environment of Tongzhou District could support a population of 1.1926 × 10⁶, an irrigation area of 375.521 km², a livestock of 0.7732 × 10⁶, and an industrial value added of ¥193.14 × 10⁹ (i.e. about US$28.285× 10⁹) in 2020. A sensitivity analysis showed that the WECC could be improved to some extent by constructing new sewage treatment facilities or by expanding the current sewage treatment facilities, using reclaimed water and improving the water circulation system.     

规划环境影响评价中的水资源承载力分析

应用系统动力学原理构建了规划环评中水资源承载力的理论模型;并在吸收PSR（Pressure-State-Response）和DSR（Driving-State-Response）模型分析方法基础上,采用＂目标-准则（系统）-指标＂的框架模式,构建了规划环评中水资源承载力的指标体系,并提出了计算模型,最后将一整套技术程序及方法应用于广州市南沙区发展规划环境影响评价中水资源承载力分析,验证其实用性及可行性,最终为决策者调整及优化规划方案提供强有力的科学依据。     

庐山风景名胜区旅游环境容量分析

运用有关旅游环境容量的理论与方法,通过资源空间容量、生态环境容量、经济发展容量和当地居民心理容量4个子系统进行分析,得出庐山风景名胜区旅游环境容量综合值为12804人次/d,其中生态环境容量中的水环境容量是最主要的限制因子。最后指出庐山风景名胜区以牯岭镇为单一中心的空间格局和旅游路线是造成庐山旅游压力的根本原因,并提出相应的解决措施。     

坝上地区生态资源综合评估

以生态资源承载力的理论和方法为指导,对坝上地区进行生态资源综合评估。考虑坝上生态条件特点,有重点地选择相应指标,以客观准确反映该区域的特点;同时参考国际及国内的有关标准,构筑了表现生态资源综合评估的指标及分值标准,确定表达式及评价分值,并结合具体区域进行试用和检验。为深入综合探讨坝上生态资源特点奠定基础。     

黄山风景区旅游容量及相关环境问题研究

针对黄山风景区的旅游资源开发现状，重点研究了黄山风景区的主要环境问题，游览景区客流分布状况和旅游容量以及黄山游览景区的环境功能分区；并提出了旅游容量的涵义及其指标体系和扩大黄山旅游容量的措施。     

上海市宝山区城镇化对农业用地环境质量的影响

利用环境风险指数法,对上海宝山区2003和2007年城镇农业土壤重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn环境风险进行评价;从人口、经济、社会生活和生态环境4方面构建城镇化水平综合评价指标体系,并对宝山区2003和2007年城镇化水平进行综合测度,探讨宝山区城镇化水平与农业土壤环境风险指数间的定量关系。结果表明,与2003年相比,2007年宝山区农业土壤重金属Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn含量增加明显,农业土壤重金属综合环境风险加剧,环境风险在空间上表现为由东南向西北方向扩展态势;城镇化水平提升明显,城镇化水平与环境风险指数间存在明显正相关关系;目前宝山区城镇化发展模式不利于农业环境质量保护。     

Evaluating eco-sustainability and its spatial variability in tourism areas: a case study in Lijiang County,China

Studying eco-sustainability of tourism areas is part of sustainable development research. In tourism areas, the ecosystem comprises both the environment and the human system. The environmental system is basically physical, whereas the human system, consisting of both tourists and residents, is the dominant factor driving ecosystem change. If the combined influence of tourists and residents exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment, which is the ecological threshold of eco-sustainability in the tourism area, then the structure, function and stability of the environment will degenerate. Hence, eco-sustainability assessment of tourism areas should be based on analyses of the relationship between the influence of tourists and residents on the environment and the environmental carrying capacity. Using ecological footprint and tourism ecological footprint models, we developed and applied a synthetic assessment index system for eco-sustainability of tourism areas in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province, China, to conduct a quantitative spatial assessment for 2001. The eco-sustainability of Lijiang was high, with a harmonious relationship between regional socioeconomic development and the ecological environment. There were significant spatial differences in eco-sustainability among 24 towns in the region because of spatial heterogeneity in socioeconomic status, tourism development and environmental elements.     

节约型社会提出的现实背景、理论前提及其法律内涵

通过对节约型社会提出的现实背景的阐述,认为节约型社会的理论前提和基础有生态政治理论、环境资源承载能力理论、资源生态经济理论、资源生态化和环境资源化理论等。并对节约型社会的目标、节约型社会的理念、基本原则等进行了探讨。最后在以上分析的基础上对节约型社会的法律内涵进行界定。认为节约型社会在第一层面的涵义是以供定需的发展战略和资源禀赋导向型的发展规划;第二层面的内涵是资源生态承载能力范围内的经济发展道路选择;第三层面的内涵是对自然资源进入社会经济生产的全过程进行规划和调控。     

Scenario-based assessment and multi-objective optimization of urban development plan with carrying capacity of water system

• Impact of urban development on water system is assessed with carrying capacity. • Impacts on both water resource quantity and environmental quality are involved. • Multi-objective optimization revealing system trade-off facilitate the regulation. • Efficiency, scale and structure of urban development are regulated in two stages. • A roadmap approaching more sustainable development is provided for the case city. Environmental impact assessments and subsequent regulation measures of urban development plans are critical to human progress toward sustainability, since these plans set the scale and structure targets of future socioeconomic development. A three-step methodology for assessing and optimizing an urban development plan focusing on its impacts on the water system was developed. The methodology first predicted the pressure on the water system caused by implementation of the plan under distinct scenarios, then compared the pressure with the carrying capacity threshold to verify the system status; finally, a multi-objective optimization method was used to propose regulation solutions. The methodology enabled evaluation of the water system carrying state, taking socioeconomic development uncertainties into account, and multiple sets of improvement measures under different decisionmaker preferences were generated. The methodology was applied in the case of Zhoushan city in South-east China. The assessment results showed that overloading problems occurred in 11 out of the 13 zones in Zhoushan, with the potential pressure varying from 1.1 to 18.3 times the carrying capacity. As a basic regulation measure, an environmental efficiency upgrade could relieve the overloading in 4 zones and reduce 9%‒63% of the pressure. The optimization of industrial development showed that the pressure could be controlled under the carrying capacity threshold if the planned scale was reduced by 24% and the industrial structure was transformed. Various regulation schemes including a more suitable scale and structure with necessary efficiency standards are provided for decisionmakers that can help the case city approach a more sustainable development pattern.