轻工业三废处理与综合利用

行了拟合,求解出动力学常数k,和氏。图5表1参13X791.3 9701131利用生物工程治理印染废水及回用中试研究/王增长…(太原工业大学环境工程系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1996,16(4)一271~274环信X一58 利用新研制的固定化微生物技术,将筛选的高效优势脱色菌种固定在活性污泥上,投加于“厌氧一好氧一生物滤池”工艺流程中,处理印染废水。试验结果表明:固定化脱色菌一活性污泥显示了极大的优越性,出水C()D cr<50mg/IJ,出水色度0.005~0.05(在波长53onm下的光密度)。处理后的水可回收利用。图4表2参7X791.3 9701132铁肩法处理活性艳红废…     

固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色性能研究

将所筛选的高效脱色菌群，采用聚集－交联法固定在活性污泥上，形成絮状立体网状微观结构。固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色酶活力较未经固定的活性污泥提高７０％左右。经厌氧条件下处理针织厂印染废水，色度平均去除率为７７．３％，ＣＯＤＣｒ平均去除率为６５．１％．     

固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色性能研究

将所筛选的高效脱色菌群,采用聚集－交联法固定在活性污泥上,形民絮状立体网状微观结构。固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色酶活力较未经固定的活性污泥提高７０％左右。经厌氧条件下处理针织厂印染废水,色度平均去降率为７７．３％,ＣＯＤＣｒ平均去除率为６５．１％。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌45号固定化细胞脱除酸性红B的研究

研究并比较了蜡状芽孢杆菌45号自然细胞和固定化细胞的某些性质。结果表明,该菌株的两种细胞脱色反应的最适温度均为37℃,热稳定性良好。在50ppm的酸性红B溶液中经37℃保温处理后,两种细胞的脱色酶活性有明显提高。其脱色反应的最适pH值分别为7—10和5—10。固定化细胞在4—6℃的冰箱中保存52天,脱色酶的活性不变。应用固定化细胞连续处理酸性红B溶液,当进水浓度为42.1ppm时,出水平均脱色率可达87％。     

稠油废水处理工艺研究

介绍了稠油废水的来源与性质,提出3种处理技术,即"水解酸化-接触氧化-臭氧催化氧化",出水CODCr为48.6 mg/L,去除率达到86.55%,处理成本为6.03元/m3;"活性焦预吸附-厌氧-固定化微生物BAF-活性焦后吸附",出水CODCr为40.2 mg/L,去除率达到88.97%,处理成本为5.45元/m3;"强化絮凝-活性污泥MBR",出水CODCr为36.8 mg/L,去除率达到82.64%,处理成本为5.76元/m3。第2种工艺处理效率与处理成本略优。     

固定化酵母LH-F1强化活性污泥好氧脱色酸性红B

进行了利用海藻酸钙包埋法固定化真菌Magnusiomyces ingens LH-F1强化活性污泥好氧脱色酸性红B(ARB)废水的研究。结果显示,在真菌LH-F1包埋密度为40 g/L的条件下,经其强化的活性污泥对ARB的脱色效率明显优于纯污泥,且强化菌投加量越大,脱色效果和稳定性也越好;在进水ARB浓度为分别50和100 mg/L时,24 h脱色率分别稳定在97%和93%以上。微生物群落分析的结果显示,经生物强化后的污泥体系微生物群落发生了显著变化,在菌群中检测到一株可利用偶氮化合物作为碳源的细菌Hydrogenophaga palleronii DSM 63及其它一些可以降解多环芳烃和常见小分子有机化合物的细菌及真菌菌种,ARB的降解脱色是这些优势菌协同完成的。     

不同方法处理乳品废水效果的比较研究

采用SBR工艺对悬浮活性污泥法、包埋固定化活性污泥法和活性炭吸附活性污泥法处理乳品废水效果进行了比较研究。试验结果表明,进水CODcr为395.55 mg/L的乳品废水,在水力停留时间（HRT）为24 h,采用活性炭吸附活性污泥法处理后的乳品废水CODcr的去除率为77.31%;采用包埋固定化法处理后的乳品废水CODcr的去除率为73.18%;采用悬浮活性污泥法处理后的乳品废水CODcr去除率为55.14%。结果表明,上述三种方法处理进水CODcr相同的乳品废水的效果排序为：活性炭吸附活性污泥法〉包埋固定化活性污泥法〉悬浮活性污泥法。     

闭合循环系统中固定化活性污泥降解氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)—硼酸包埋固定化法,包埋固定驯化过的活性污泥,制成固定化活性污泥颗粒;以流化床作为生物反应器,对人工配制的含氮废水进行处理实验。结果表明,固定化活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率达 32.5mg/g(MLSS)·d,而悬浮活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率为18.3mg/g(MLSS)·d。同时研究了温度、氨氮负荷、盐度、COD/TN比及 pH等因素对固定化活性污泥硝化活性的影响。     

季戊四醇废水处理方法的研究

采用水解酸化一序列式活性污泥法（HA－SBR法）相结合技术处理季戊四醇废水，试验结果表明：（进水CODCR为726－1800ml/L,出水CODCR小于100ml/L,CODCR去除率为88.1%-95.8%，出水能满足国家排放标准。     

活性黑5高效脱色菌的固定化及其脱色特性研究

采用海藻酸钙包埋法固定活性黑5高效脱色菌,通过正交试验确定固定化的最优条件,考察了pH、温度、初始染料浓度和重复利用次数等因素对固定化菌体脱色特性的影响,同时通过投加固定化颗粒处理模拟染料废水研究其生物强化作用。结果表明,最优固定化条件为海藻酸钠浓度3%,CaCl2浓度2%,菌体量与包埋剂量之比2:1;固定化颗粒对染料脱色的最适pH为8左右,最适温度为30℃,具有耐低温、染料浓度耐受极限高和可重复利用等特性,但在强碱性、高温和重复利用多次后,其机械强度降低;固定化菌体对以葡萄糖为外加碳源的染料废水的脱色效果较好,且浓度以1 g/L为宜,在厌氧污泥反应器中投加固定化颗粒对染料去除效率有所提高。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.