青藏高原淡水湖泊水化学组成特征及其演化

青藏高原淡水湖具有高生态价值和高脆弱性并存的特点.以海拔5 080 m±10 m的打加芒错湖水为研究对象,测试及分析了湖水化学组分,探讨了其主要离子来源、控制因子和湖泊水化学演化趋势.结果表明,湖水阳离子以Ca2+和Na+为主,阴离子以HCO3-为主,为HCO3-Ca型水;TDS为71.2～199.8 mg·L-1,矿化度低;受地表径流的稀释作用和富铝贫钙的地质背景约束湖区东南部水体的EC、Ca2+和HCO3-浓度均较低.湖水的Na+/(Na++Ca2+)为0.08～0.75,Cl-/(Cl-+HCO3-)为0.11～0.35,Ca/Na值为0.58,Mg/Ca值为0.12,HCO3/Na值为1.46,据Gibbs模型和元素化学计量分析表明,其化学组成主要受硅酸盐岩风化控制.湖区流域参与风化的矿物岩石包括斜长石(钙长石、钠长石)、钾长石、云母、石膏、盐岩等,但以斜长石风化为主,湖水的K/Na值平均为0.059,表明流域钾长石风化程度较低.湖水中方解石、白云石、石英、石膏等矿物饱和指数(SI)大于0,石盐的SI则小于0,揭示了青藏高原上淡水湖泊演变成咸水湖的变化趋势.     

喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水体主要离子特征及其控制因素——以叶如藏布流域为例

为调查喜马拉雅山中段北坡地表水环境特征,2015年9月在叶如藏布流域采集24个地表水体水样并对其水化学特征分析测定,研究结果表明:(1)叶如藏布流域水化学特征存在显著空间差异.随着海拔升高,地表水体p H值、TDS值呈微弱的减小趋势.24个水样中23个水样属于淡水,1个为微咸水.(2)叶如藏布流域内地表水阳离子主要为Ca~(2+),阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,其次为HCO_3~-,即地表水为Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)型.(3)叶如藏布流域地表水中各离子之间具有不同程度的相关性.其中Cl~-、HCO_3~-、Na~+和K~+4种离子共源性好;阳离子的来源不同,Na~+和K~+主要来源于碳酸氢盐,Ca~(2+)主要来源于硫酸盐,而Mg~(2+)的来源比较广泛.(4)叶如藏布流域大部分离子主要来源于陆地,受陆源影响从小到大排列顺序为:Na~+Mg~(2+)SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)K~+HCO_3~-.流域水文化学过程主要受岩石风化作用控制,特别是受到碳酸盐风化影响.以强木村为界,流域下游地区地表水化学特征受人类活动影响逐渐变大,特别是畜牧活动及人类施肥的影响.     

黄土高原高浑浊水体CDOM光学特性及影响因素

为确定黄土高原地区高浑浊水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)组成来源及研究环境因素对其的影响,本文基于2018年5月陕蒙黄土高原地区河流与湖泊(咸水湖和淡水湖)的实测数据对CDOM光学吸收特性,各组分对水体吸收的贡献,光谱斜率S_(275～295)及水质参数与CDOM光学特征参数的相关性进行分析.结果表明,陕蒙黄土高原区河湖CDOM吸收光学特性差异显著(P0.01),湖泊CDOM吸收系数a_(CDOM)(440)(8.45 m~(-1))高于河流(2.70 m~(-1)),咸水湖CDOM浓度(13.52 m~(-1))高于淡水湖(3.38 m~(-1)),淡水湖对光的有效利用率高于咸水湖和浑浊河流.河流与湖泊、咸淡水湖之间酸碱度(pH)和溶解有机碳(DOC)差异均呈显著水平(P0.01);河湖水体电导率(EC)、浊度(Tur)和总悬浮物浓度(TSM)差异显著;排除极大值点,咸水湖与淡水湖叶绿素a(Chla)相接近.基于S_(275～295)分析发现,湖泊CDOM分子量小于河流,咸水湖分子量小于淡水湖;由SUVA_(254)得出,河流陆源腐殖质输入比湖泊多,淡水湖陆源腐殖质输入较咸水湖多.通过冗余分析(RDA)发现,河流与湖泊水质参数累积方差解释率分别为35.2%和61.4%,咸淡水湖均达到100%;溶解氧(DO)、水温和EC对河流CDOM光学特性影响较大(P0.01),而DOC、 TSM和Tur对湖泊CDOM光学特性影响较大(P0.01);咸水湖水体中DOC以及淡水湖水体的pH与CDOM吸收系数相关性较强(P0.05).     

贵州草海水化学特征及离子来源分析

为明确草海水体化学的时空分布特征,揭示水-岩作用以及人类活动对水化学的影响,分别在枯水期和丰水期对草海湖水、河水及地下水进行系统采样,并通过Piper、Gibbs等水文地球化学方法分析水化学控制因素和主要离子来源。结果表明,草海水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Ca和HCO_3-SO_4-Ca-Mg型。HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)为优势离子,分别占总阴离子、总阳离子的48%和44%,有明显河水与地下水输入特征。草海水化学过程主要受方解石、白云石等碳酸盐类风化和人为活动影响,同时还伴随有蒸发盐岩和硫酸盐岩(石膏和硬石膏)的溶解。草海水体HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)主要来自方解石和白云石等碳酸盐矿物风化,SO_4~(2-)主要来源于硫酸盐岩溶解,K~+、Na~+、Cl~-、NO_3~-主要受城市生活污水和农业面源污染影响。主成分分析显示碳酸盐岩、硫酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩等水-岩作用对草海水化学的贡献率约为51%,城镇生活污水、蒸发作用及生物作用的贡献率约为37%。     

贵州省都柳江流域水化学特征研究

于2015年丰水期和枯水期采集了都柳江河水样品,分析了河水的主要水质参数和主量元素.结果显示,都柳江河水呈弱碱性,优势阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+),优势阴离子为HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-),水化学类型为HCO_3~-—Ca~(2+)—Mg~(2+)型.Gibbs图、三角图、相关性分析表明都柳江水化学上游主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,下游硅酸盐影响增加.受地层岩性和地貌变化的影响,河流TDS沿主河道呈递减的趋势.离子比值分析表明,流域上游主要受工矿活动的影响,而中下游地区人为活动因素较为复杂,受农业、城镇排污等多种活动影响.     

藏南羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征

2010年7月对藏南羊卓雍错流域进行了水样采集,通过测定与分析,揭示了流域最大湖泊羊卓雍错表层湖水化学水平分布特征和深水剖面变化规律,并探讨了该湖与流域其他水体化学性质的差异。结果表明:流域特殊的高寒气候、湖泊形状与补给来源、湖岸水系发育程度不同是造成羊卓雍错湖水化学空间分异特征明显的关键。在水平方向上,湖水HCO3-、Ca2+以及矿化度南高北低,而SO42-和Mg2+南低北高。这是由于湖水从南向北缓慢流动过程中蒸发浓缩所致;卡鲁雄曲径流量经空姆错补给羊卓雍错北部,使其矿化度较低。在垂直方向上,愈向湖泊深处,湖水SO42-、Cl-、CO32-和矿化度愈大,HCO3-则降低。与流域其他湖泊相比,羊卓雍错水化学性质与同属以降水补给为主的湖泊相近,与以冰雪融水补给为主的湖泊差异显著。与河水和地下水相比,羊卓雍错湖水SO42-和Mg2+当量浓度最大,河水和地下水则HCO3-和Ca2+含量较大。     

沁河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征及成因分析

为研究河南省济源市沁河冲洪积扇地下水水化学特征及其成因,2016年10月采集水样共计60组,其中地下水水样51组,地表水水样9组.运用数理统计、舒卡列夫分类、Piper三线图、Schoeller图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析了研究区内地下水和地表水水化学类型分布特征,讨论了地下水和表水水化学演化过程的主要控制因素.结果表明:(1)研究区地表水和地下水中主要阴阳离子为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、HCO_3~-,地表水和地下水的补给来源密切相关;(2)地下水水化学类型以HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主;地表水水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主;(3)地下水和地表水主要离子的形成主要受碳酸盐矿物风化溶解作用、离子交换作用和蒸发作用共同影响,硫酸、碳酸参与了碳酸盐矿物的风化溶解过程.     

外源DOM条件下K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+对湿地苔草吸收Cu的影响

文章在重金属Cu胁迫下,通过水培实验探究了外源溶解性有机质(DOM)存在下不同浓度K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对鄱阳湖湿地优势植物苔草(Carex cinerascens)吸收Cu的影响。在苔草的生长完全受到抑制的30 mg/L Cu~(2+)浓度和缓解Cu胁迫效果最佳的1 mg/L DOM条件下,通过设置培养液中不同浓度的K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)水化学特性,观察苔草水生根形态,分析苔草体内和水培液中Cu~(2+)浓度水平。研究表明,K~+、Mg~(2+)、Na~+浓度为20 mg/L,Ca~(2+)浓度为1 mg/L时能有效缓解Cu胁迫,使苔草水生根恢复生长。20 mg/L Mg~(2+)与不同浓度的K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)对苔草水生根形态的影响存在显著差异(P0.05)。苔草根系部分的Cu富集能力明显高于茎叶部分,富集能力顺序为浓度水平10 mg/L K~+5 mg/L Mg~(2+)10 mg/L Ca~(2+)20 mg/L Na~+,转运能力为浓度水平10 mg/L K~+5 mg/L Mg~(2+)20 mg/L Na~+10 mg/L Ca~(2+)。在不同水化学特性下苔草地上部分与地下部分的Cu富集无显著差异(P0.05)。K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)可能在水培液中与游离Cu~(2+)竞争,影响Cu-DOM的结合,从而改变溶液中剩余Cu~(2+)浓度。     

尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素

为研究尼洋河流域水化学特征及其控制因素,2014年先后采集河水7组,井水13组,泉水10组,共计30组水样.综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型和离子比等方法,分析了尼洋河流域河水、泉水和井水的水文地球化学特征,并探讨了尼洋河流域的水化学演化规律.结果表明,河水、井水及泉水中阳离子均以Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)为主,占阳离子总量的84%以上;阴离子以HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)为主,占阴离子总量的97%以上;TDS介于79.11~290.48 mg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为165.21 mg·L~(-1),矿化度较低;水化学类型以HCO_3·SO_4(SO_4·HCO_3)-Ca·Mg(Mg·Ca)型水为主;水化学样品均分布在Gibbs模型左中部,说明该流域水化学离子组成受岩石风化作用控制;主成分分析及相关分析表明,尼洋河流域水化学组分受硅酸盐岩的溶解控制,碳酸盐岩的溶解也起到非常重要的作用.     

艾比湖流域地表水水化学特征及空间变异特征分析

为了更好地了解艾比湖流域的水化学特征变化,采用2014年5月和10月2次的野外实地考察数据,利用多元统计和空间变异特征的方法分析艾比湖流域地表水化学特征。结果表明:1)流域水化学组成以Na+、Cl-离子为主,其次为Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)。2)通过因子分析可得,第一主成分包括TDS、矿化度和Mg2+,第二主成分为p H。3)聚类分析结果显示在以5为阈值的前提下将丰水期的水化学参数聚为两类,一类为HCO-3、K+、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、p H和Mg2+,另一类为TDS、电导率和矿化度;而枯水期可聚为3类,第一类为HCO-3、K+、Ca2+、Cl-、Na+、SO_4~(2-)和Mg2+,第二类为TDS、电导率和矿化度,第三类为p H。4)根据水化学参数的空间分布特征分析得出,从丰水期到枯水期各水化学参数空间变异较为明显,并且均呈下降趋势,其中K+的空间变异最为显著,p H的最不显著。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.