西藏措勤地区典中组岩石特征及其构造环境分析

林子宗群典中组为古新世火山岩地层，岩性主要为一套酸性火山碎屑岩夹有少量流纹岩。野外地质调查资料和室内岩石学、岩石地球化学等综合研究成果显示这些岩石属钙碱性系列岩石，K、Rb、Ba元素及轻稀土元素强烈富集和Nb、Sr、P、Ti元素明显亏损等特征，且明显受区域断裂构造控制，与区域构造演化有密切的内在联系。     

运用火山地质学理论研究竹田头火山机构

系采用火山活动旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩性、岩相一体化思路对浙东谷来地区的竹田头复活破火山机构进行地质填图的一些认识,主要有如下五点:1.采用火山旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩性、岩相一体化思路在火山岩区进行地质填图,取得了很好的地质效果;2.区域火山地层层序的厘定,首先应在同一旋回的火山机构内,测制剖面,厘定火山地层层序,而后把不同旋回火山机构内的地层层序叠置,建立区域综合地层层序,在此基础上,确定岩石地层单位和填图单元;3.划分岩相,建立相序,是推演古火山演化历史,建立演化模式的有效途径;4.线形构造与环形火山构造组合形成的线-环构造格局,是火山岩区地质构造的重要特征;5.在火山岩区用火山地层组-段-岩性填制的地质图,实质上是一种实际材料图,只有以火山旋回-火山构造-火山地层-岩相为内容的火山岩相构造图,才能正确反映火山岩区的地质构造特点,揭示火山岩的成因,追溯古火山演化历史,恢复古火山面貌.     

《环太平洋火山作用及成矿作用国际讨论会》筹备工作进展

地质矿产部及联合国亚太经社会(ESCAP)联合发起、资助,由中国地质科学院/南京地质矿产研究所和亚太经社会/区域矿产资源发展计划组织共同召开的《环太平洋火山作用及成矿作用国际讨论会》,正按计划进行各项筹备工作。 会议所确定的主题包括两部份: 第二部份:中—新生代火山作用、构造背景、火山构造和火山岩岩石学 1、区域火山作用,与不同构造背景有关的岩石系列和岩石组合; 2、火山构造—破火山口,火山—构造洼地等的演化,中生代古火山构造的重建; 3、火山—侵入杂岩的地球化学和岩浆演化; 4、熔结凝灰岩及其它类似的岩石,其成因模式和相模式; 5、次火山岩,爆发角砾岩和火山构造与金属成矿作用的关系。 第二部份:与中—新生代火山作用有关的金属矿床(Fe、Cu、Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、U等)勘查方法。这部分是本次讨论会的重点,有如下专题: 1、构造—岩浆带的成矿规律及成矿系列; 2、与一定火山构造和火山—侵入杂岩有关的成矿作用;     

浙江三界、谷来地区1/5万区域地质调查工作的主要进展

三界谷来地区主要出露中、新生代火山岩。进行 １／５万区域地质调查时，采用火山活动旋回－火山构造－火山地层－岩相、岩性－体化思路，按照同旋回火山机构或火山喷发区为单元，确定岩石地层单位和填图单元。火山岩划分为九种岩相类型，建立了两个岩相模式和一个三相一体成因模式。根据火山岩浆作用的旋回性及其产物与火山构造形迹时、空、成因一致性原理，将中、新生代火山岩浆作用分为四个火山活动旋回，圈定了相应的火山机构或火山喷发中心，建立了竹田头复活破火山演化模式。新生代玄武岩中发现二辉斜长麻粒岩等深源包体，为研究区域深部地质作用过程提供了证据。侵入岩按岩石谱系单元划分了七个岩石单元一个超单元，将侵入岩－潜火山岩－火山岩作为岩浆作用整体研究，为正确阐明岩浆作用及其演化规律奠定了基础。区域线型构造发育，与环形火山构造组合，形成火山岩区特有的线一环构造格局。中上元古界陈蔡群变质岩划分为上、下两个岩组，探讨了变质岩的原岩性质及其形成的大地构造环境。     

桐庐碎斑熔岩岩穹地质、岩石特征及其成因机理探讨

碎斑熔岩是火山—侵入杂岩体的重要岩相组合。这类岩石在我国东南沿海火山岩区均有一定分布,但桐庐地区所发育的无论在宏观或微观特征上都较有代表性,桐庐火山洼地尤为典型。 关于碎斑熔岩的岩石命名和岩相归属、成因等问题,目前尚有不同的意见。仅就桐庐地区而言,就有二种回然不同的观点:其一,由熔结凝灰岩经热变质重结晶作用而成;其二,属于次火山岩侵入体。正确认识这类岩石,对于确定火山构造、阐明火山活动历史,对比火山活动旋回和普查找矿等均有一定意义。因此,这类岩石日益引起人们的关注。本文旨在从地质、岩石学特征方面对它的形成机理进行扼要的探讨。     

江西广丰岭底早白垩世破火山口地质和地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文对江西广丰岭底早白垩世破火山口进行了全面研究,选择军潭山—岭底实测火山旋回地质剖面作为该火山口基准剖面,厘定了该火山机构早白垩世中墩组第三旋回火山岩地层及其与晚期火山活动侵入的花岗斑岩的关系,划分了火山岩岩相类型、组合;对基准剖面采集样品进行测试分析,通过地层、岩相、岩石学及地球化学等方面的研究,讨论了火山岩相与火山喷发类型的成因机制,探讨了母岩浆性质、起源及火山—侵入作用的构造环境。研究认为,岭底火山岩为铝质A型流纹岩,形成于以挤压为主并转向拉张的构造环境,为进一步研究铜钹山花岗质火山—侵入杂岩及区域岩浆构造演化提供了地质依据。     

新疆老山口金矿岩浆隐爆角砾岩地质地球化学

新疆东准噶尔老山口金矿区发育有与金矿化密切有关的次火山闪长玢岩及与之密切伴生的闪长玢岩质隐爆角砾岩和闪斜煌斑岩质隐爆角砾岩 ,它们是在陆相火山作用下由同源岩浆分异演化而形成的产物。角砾岩具有浅成—超浅成环境及热塑、高压释放状态下的成岩特征。角砾岩的角砾、胶结物和次火山岩三者的岩石类型、岩相学特征和地球化学特征基本一致 ,具有稀土总量较低 ,轻稀土相对富集 ,重稀土相对亏损 ,铕异常不明显 ,大离子亲石元素相对富集 ,高场强元素相对亏损等特征。结合其构造背景、地质产状、岩石学和地球化学特征分析 ,这套岩石来源于受俯冲洋壳释放富含大离子亲石元素或强不相容元素流体交代过的亏损地幔楔。     

陆相火山岩区填图方法培训和野外现场交流会会议纪要

<正>中国东部以大面积出露中生代陆相火山岩为最显著的区域地质特征,因而陆相火山岩区地质填图技术方法,以及大火山岩省成因与成矿作用研究是中国东部区域地质调查的关注焦点。目前,中国地质调查局也正在推进区域地质调查技术方法的改革。自上世纪末以来,陆相火山岩区逐步形成了以"火山构造+火山岩相+火山岩性"三位一体的"火山岩相构造学"调查思路和填图方法,并初步得到了推广和应用,取得了一系     

阿尔泰地区华力西期火山作用与金矿的关系

阿尔泰地区华力西期火山作用强烈,火山岩分布广泛.根据火山活动方式、火山岩的空间分布及岩石组合,火山作用的构造背景,将本区划分为5个构造-岩浆岩带.在分析全区火山岩的岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学和稀土元素等特征的基础上,进而讨论了火山作用的构造地质背景,指出了华力西期阿尔泰地区为板块碰撞机制下的沟、弧、盆体系.火山作用与金成矿作用关系的研究表明:形成金矿化的诸多因素,包括矿质来源、动力源、矿液通道、容矿围岩等都与火山作用有关;金矿成矿带的空间展布受构造-岩浆岩带的控制.     

久野久

<正> 久野久(Hisashi Kuno)教授是世界上著名的岩石学家,在火山学和火山岩石学方面造诣颇深。 作为火山学和火山岩石学家,久野抓住了两个“支柱”——玄武岩和辉石,并在它们的地质产状特点、成因及分异作用等方面作出了贡献。 久野久1910年1月7日生于东京,早在学生时代,当他一跨进地质系的门槛,就对火山岩发生了兴趣。1929年,十九岁时进入东京大学地质系,专攻岩石学。在坪井教授的指导下,调查了伊豆半岛北部的火山岩地质。1932年以此为论文毕业。同年发表了《关于     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.