萧山区环境空气质量变化及其影响因素分析

利用杭州市萧山区环境空气的监测资料,采用空气综合污染指数、空气污染指数(API)、Daniel趋势检验等评价和分析方法,研究了萧山区"十一五"期间(2005—2010年)环境空气质量的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果显示:(1)PM10是萧山区环境空气中的首要污染物。SO2、PM10浓度以及空气综合污染指数先升高后降低,总体呈现不显著下降趋势,整体环境空气质量在2007年后逐年改善。(2)空气中NO2污染负荷系数逐年上升,NO2/SO2和污染物相关性分析结果表明,萧山区空气污染特征正处于由煤烟型向汽车尾气型转变的初期阶段。(3)萧山区月均API呈现出7-9月4-6月1-3月10-12月的变化特征。(4)在持续快速增长、能源消耗逐年增加的情况下,萧山区环境空气质量的改善说明节能减排、产业升级、污染源综合治理、能源清洁使用等措施对改善环境空气质量起到了关键作用。     

杭州市区大气能见度变化趋势及其与主要污染物相关性分析

利用2004-2006年地面气象观测资料和同期环境空气质量自动监测数据,分析了杭州市区大气能见度变化趋势及其与主要污染物的相关性.结果表明,杭州市区能见度的日分布特征为14时最好,8时最差;季节变化特征为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,全年仅7月能见度超过10 km;SO2、NO2、PM10浓度均随能见度增高而逐渐降低;影响能见度的首要因子为相对湿度和PM2.5,能见度与PM2.5浓度具有较好的相关性.     

近10年浙江省城市环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素分析

利用浙江省环境空气中SO_2、NO_2和PM_(10)监测数据,采用Daniel趋势检验法,研究了近10年(2005—2014年)浙江省城市环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明:(1)2005—2014年,浙江省县级以上城市综合污染指数平均值呈显著下降趋势,总体环境空气质量呈好转趋势。(2)SO_2年均值呈不显著下降趋势,NO_2年均值基本保持稳定,PM_(10)年均值呈显著下降趋势。浙江省SO_2、NO_2和PM_(10)浓度高值区域主要分布在浙中北部地区,与2005年相比,2014年浓度高值区域面积减少,污染程度降低。(3)SO_2、NO_2和PM_(10)月均值变化趋势基本一致,浓度高值主要出现在1、11、12月,低值集中出现在6—9月。(4)PM_(10)为城市大气中首要污染物,NO_2污染负荷呈显著上升趋势,表明浙江省城市空气污染特征逐渐从煤烟型污染过渡到机动车尾气型污染。(5)产业结构升级、能源结构优化、大气污染物总量减排和污染源综合整治等人为控制措施对城市空气质量改善起到重要作用。地形、气象、沙尘等自然因素是大气污染物浓度时空变化的外因。     

北京空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子特征

揭示空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子的变化特征对空气质量预报和污染减排措施评估具有重要参考价值。利用大气污染和气象观测资料,研究了北京2015年11—12月空气重污染红色预警时期污染物浓度、气候特征及气象因子对空气质量影响。结果表明,PM_(2.5)在大气颗粒物中占有较大比重,为首要空气污染物;在重污染峰值时段,城郊PM_(2.5)与PM10比值(R)相差不大,可达0.9以上,空气呈均匀混合的高PM_(2.5)浓度特征,而空气质量较好时城区R值明显高于郊区;研究时段气候特征与历史同期相比有明显差异,其中平均风速偏小19%,平均气温偏高0.23℃,气温日较差减小,而多次小型降水增加了空气湿度,导致相对湿度值偏高40%,垂直方向上的逆温层或等温层则加剧了空气重污染的形成和发展,重污染过程中的红色预警措施明显降低了颗粒物浓度;风速与污染物浓度呈指数相关,城郊风速分别低于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时,空气质量较差、污染物浓度随风速升高快速下降,而当城郊风速大于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时变化特征则相反;相对湿度与污染物浓度呈幂相关,相对湿度在65%左右为空气质量特征发生变化的转折点;由于气温日较差存在季节变化,其与空气质量相关关系不太显著。     

天津市灰霾评价等级指标体系研究

根据天津市2003—2007年灰霾日的污染物浓度和气象资料,应用主成分分析方法得出影响灰霾的5个主要因子(SO2、相对湿度、总云量、PM10和风速)。对相对湿度、总云量和风速3个气象因子的历史资料进行频数统计分析,并建立了各气象因子的等级划分标准。利用灰色聚类法构建了天津市灰霾评价的等级指标体系,灰霾等级划分结果表明,天津市轻度灰霾和重度灰霾出现天数相对较少,均以中度灰霾为主;轻度灰霾大多出现在春季和夏季;重度灰霾主要出现在冬季,春季出现的比例最小;综合评价分析,冬季灰霾污染程度最为严重。     

广州市夏、冬季室内外PM2.5质量浓度的特征

2004年7月2日至8月13日和2004年11月29日至2005年1月6日分别在广州市3种类型区域(一般城市区域、道路旁、工业源附近)9个居民住宅的室内和室外同步采集了PM2.5颗粒.采用标准称重法测定PM2.5质量浓度,得到广州市夏季住宅室内外PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为67.7、74.5 μg/m3,冬季室内外PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为109.9、123.7 μg/m3.广州市PM2.5平均质量浓度,与美国PM2.5标准相比,与国内PM10标准基础上假设的PM2.5限值相比,与其他一些国内、亚洲和欧美城市的文献记录相比,结果均显示广州市PM2.5处于相当严重污染状态.广州市PM2.5质量浓度呈现明显的空间分布特征和季节变化特征;PM2.5室内质量浓度并不总是低于室外质量浓度,反映了室内空气污染的存在.     

北京市2005年夏季大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素

对2005年7～8月北京市不同功能区8个采样点PM10和PM2.5的浓度水平、空间分布、PM10/PM2.5比值进行了分析,并讨论了PM10和PM2.5的日变化特征及影响因素.结果表明,北京市夏季PM10和PM2.5日均浓度为155.37 μg/m3和87.70 μg/m3,分别为国家二级标准和美国PM2.5标准的1.04倍和1.35倍;PM2.5、PM10浓度在不同功能区存在一定差异;PM2.5和PM10的日变化以白天高,夜间低为主,且不同功能区的最高值对应于城市居民活动的不同高峰期;在湿度较高的情况下,PM2.5、PM10与湿度呈一定正相关性,且湿度对PM2.5的影响更大;降水前后PM2.5、PM10浓度变化情况表明降水的主要作用是清除粗粒子,对PM2.5的影响则较小.     

杭州城市可吸入颗粒物污染与气象条件关系的分级评价和BP神经网络评估

为了解杭州城市环境空气质量与气象条件之间的关系,利用杭州市区2003-2007年的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度数据和气象资料,通过分级评价的方法和基于BP神经网络的污染物浓度评估模型,得到PM10浓度与气象条件的对应关系.结果表明,随着日降水量的增大,PM10浓度减小;风速与PM10浓度呈明显的负相关,随着风速的增大,PM10浓度明显减小;气象因素与PM10浓度之间呈非线性关系,大气能见度对PM10和相对湿度的变化极为敏感.随着PM10浓度的增大,大气能见度迅速降低,相对湿度越高,大气能见度则越低;近几年杭州市气象条件不利于大气污染物的扩散和清洗,是杭州城市环境空气质量上升缓慢的主要原因之一.     

成都市大气颗粒物污染特征及与气象因子的关联性分析

利用成都市2013年6月至2014年5月的PM10和PM2.5浓度监测数据,分析大气颗粒物污染特征,并探讨其与气温、相对湿度、降雨、风向、风速等气象因子的关联性。结果表明:成都市大气PM2.5污染较严重;PM10和PM2.5浓度及超标率均表现为冬季秋季春季夏季,秋季和冬季为大气颗粒物污染高发期;PM2.5对PM10贡献显著;气温超过10℃时,PM10和PM2.5最高浓度大体随气温升高而降低;相对湿度为40%~80%时,PM10和PM2.5浓度随相对湿度增加而升高;相对湿度超过80%时,易发生降雨,PM10和PM2.5浓度降低;降雨对PM10的清除量高于PM2.5,但降雨后PM10和PM2.5浓度较快回升;PM10和PM2.5浓度在偏西风下高于其他风向;PM10主要受局地源影响,而PM2.5主要受西北方向上的外来源影响。     

长江三角洲PM_(10)质量浓度遥感估算与时空分布特征

卫星遥感反演气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)已被广泛地应用于地面PM10遥感监测。为遥感监测长江三角洲地区PM10,利用2013年的MODIS/Terra AOT产品,考虑研究区36个空气质量监测站点的风速、温度、湿度和边界层高度等气象条件,构建了基于MODIS AOT产品估算PM10的模型。利用17个空气质量监测站点数据对模型进行散点拟合验证,结果表明,模型估算精度较高,春夏秋冬4个季节PM10质量浓度的模型估算值与地面监测值的相关系数R2值分别为0.72、0.76、0.69和0.72。利用模型估算的长时间序列PM10时空分布数据进行时空变化特征分析,结果表明:2000—2013年研究区PM10质量浓度呈增长趋势,月均增长量为0.077μg/m3,最大值出现在2月,为(107.2±22.0)μg/m3,最小值出现在8月,为(40.5±12.0)μg/m3;研究区PM10质量浓度空间分布差异显著,南部低,北部高,高值主要出现在由上海、杭州和南京构成的三角形区域的城市群中,而低值主要出现在南部远离城市的森林区域。结果表明,基于MODIS/Terra AOT产品和地面观测气象数据估算PM10的多元线性回归模型能较好地应用于区域PM10监测。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.