不同气氛下燃煤SO_2的排放规律研究

在立式管状电加热炉上对合山高硫煤在不同的气氛、温度以及Ca S比的条件下进行了动态燃烧实验 ,对收集的气体产物进行了红外光谱分析 ,并讨论了CO2 浓度以及温度等因素对SO2 释放的影响 .结果表明 :不同浓度的CO2 气氛对煤燃烧过程中硫的释放以及石灰石的固硫效率有着不同的影响 .在高于 90 0℃以后 ,较之空气气氛下 ,无论是否存在钙基固硫剂 ,其它三种O2 CO2 气氛下SO2 的排放量都比较低 ,且在不同CO2 浓度下 ,温度对SO2 的排放影响不一致 .     

煤粉固硫燃烧的动力学研究

采用新汶、阳泉原煤作为实验用煤,选择Ca（OH）2作为主固硫剂,考察了Ca／S的变化对燃煤固硫燃烧特性以及动力学参数的影响,采用碳酸盐、氯化物和氢氧化物3大系列化学试剂作为添加剂,在Ca／S为1.5的条件下,考察了它们对Ca（OH）2固硫能力的影响,以及固硫煤粉的燃烧特性和动力学参数的变化,实验表明：1）碳酸钾添加剂的助固硫作用明显,将固硫率提高了14％左右;2）固硫剂Ca（OH）2的加入使Arrhenius曲线斜率增大,明显提高了燃烧反应的活化能;3）随着Ca／S的增加,原煤的着火点和结束点、活化能有逐渐增大的趋势;4）添加剂对原煤燃烧特性的影响并不显著,但对活化能的影响却十分明显,添加剂的加入有效地降低了燃烧反应的活化能。     

纳米TiO2催化燃烧固硫的实验研究

通过纳米TiO2催化CaO燃烧后粉煤灰的成分分析和燃烧烟气中SO2含量的测定确定固硫效果,探讨了纳米TiO2添加量、Ca/S摩尔比、不同条件制备的纳米TiO2及燃烧温度对分析纯CaO固硫的影响,比较了纳米TiO2对不同煤种以及不同钙基固硫剂的固硫效果,并对反应产物进行了X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析.结果表明,纳米TiO2与CaO共同作用时,纳米TiO2最佳的添加量为8%;在Ca/S摩尔比为2、燃烧温度为850℃时纳米TiO2催化分析纯和工业纯CaO固硫效率达87.8%和60.3%,比不添加纳米TiO2时增加13.4%和29.6%.纳米TiO2对不同煤种燃烧时CaO固硫有较好地催化作用,能够促进SO2转化成SO3的本征反应,同时增加煤灰的孔尺寸,促进二氧化硫的扩散从而提高CaO的固硫效果.     

模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究

在管式电阻炉上对由聚丙烯、面巾纸、纱布、医用脱脂棉、一次性口罩、医用乳胶手套等按一定比例组成的模拟医疗废物在氮气气氛进行了热解研究。重点探讨了10K／min，20K／min，30K／min和40K／min等不同升温速率对热解产物分布、产气特性和热解过程的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，模拟废物的热解产生气体的主要成分逐渐由CO2和CO转变为C3H6、CH4、C2H6、C2H4和C3H8。同时，热解处理对模拟废物的减量化效果比较明显，固体残留率仅为5．61％～7．02％。而且，加热速率对模拟医疗废物热解过程的影响较大。     

添加剂CeO_2对煤粉燃烧中钙基固硫的影响

针对内蒙古某火电厂用煤,以CaCO3为固硫剂,CeO2为固硫添加剂,进行了箱式电阻炉定温固硫实验,分析了温度、钙硫比、添加剂CeO2对燃煤固硫率的影响;热重法分析了固硫添加剂CeO2对煤炭燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:加入CeO2低温下(850℃、950℃)促进了燃煤固硫,提高了燃煤固硫率,而在高温下(1 050℃),催化作用导致固硫剂表面孔隙迅速堵塞,降低产物层扩散控制阶段反应速率,抑制了固硫过程的进行;CeO2催化了煤炭挥发份和固定碳的燃烧,降低了固硫煤着火点温度和燃尽温度,改善了煤的燃烧性能;揭示了添加剂CeO2催化固硫和催化燃烧的作用机理。     

纳米TiO2催化燃烧固硫的实验研究

通过纳米TiO₂催化CaO燃烧后粉煤灰的成分分析和燃烧烟气中SO₂含量的测定确定固硫效果,探讨了纳米TiO₂添加量、Ca/S摩尔比、不同条件制备的纳米TiO₂及燃烧温度对分析纯CaO固硫的影响,比较了纳米TiO₂对不同煤种以及不同钙基固硫剂的固硫效果,并对反应产物进行了X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析.结果表明,纳米TiO₂与CaO共同作用时,纳米TiO₂最佳的添加量为8%;在Ca/S摩尔比为2、燃烧温度为850℃时纳米TiO₂催化分析纯和工业纯CaO固硫效率达87.8%和60.3%,比不添加纳米TiO₂时增加13.4%和29.6%.纳米TiO₂对不同煤种燃烧时CaO固硫有较好地催化作用,能够促进SO₂转化成SO₃的本征反应,同时增加煤灰的孔尺寸,促进二氧化硫的扩散从而提高CaO的固硫效果.     

煤燃烧脱硫过程中影响无机矿物转化行为的因素

以合山煤(HS)和万盛煤(WS)为研究对象,分别讨论了当石灰石作固硫剂时钙硫比、温度等因素对固硫效率的影响;运用XRD测试手段,研究了不同脱硫条件对其灰渣产物矿相组成的影响规律,并利用CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂三元相图进行分析,从而初步揭示出煤燃烧脱硫过程中无机矿物质间的转化行为.实验表明:燃烧温度和钙硫比对固硫率及灰渣产物的矿相组成都具有很重要的影响.升高温度或提高Ca/S,能明显促进CaO与煤粉中无机成分间的固相反应,利于C₄AF、C₂AS、β-C₂S等矿物的形成,但大于1050℃后易使硬石膏发生分解,而引起固硫率下降.固硫产物中含硫矿物的形式与含量决定了不同温度下固硫效率.本实验中,石灰石对合山煤的最佳固硫条件为Ca/S＝2～3,t=850～900℃,此时固硫率高达90%左右.     

燃煤固硫剂的燃烧特性及动力学研究

以太原烟煤为研究对象,考察电石渣、赤泥单独作主固硫剂时固硫率的差异,结果表明,电石渣较赤泥好。并以电石渣为主固硫剂,比较4种单一助剂对固硫效果的影响,其中添加助剂C为8%时固硫效率提高的幅度最大,高达15%。以电石渣、电石渣+赤泥复配为主固硫剂,添加正交试验所确定的最佳助剂配比,均不同程度的提高了固硫效率,固硫率分别为73.77%、64.87%。最后利用热重分析仪考察了不同固硫剂对固硫效果的影响,重点从煤样的燃烧特性和动力学参数进行研究。研究结果表明:添加不同主固硫剂和助剂的煤样其热重曲线的趋势走向与原煤基本一致。添加固硫剂后着火点并没有太大的变化,燃烧过程均变为两段燃烧,且第二段燃烧均在较高温度下,燃烬温度较高,燃烬时间明显延长。从动力学角度分析,在低温区域内,不管掺入何种固硫剂其活化能均比原煤低温段的活化能明显降低,说明固硫剂的加入使反应向着有利的方向进行。     

超细煤粉在氧化条件下NOx的释放特性实验研究

采用DTG(热重/差热分析仪)和GC-MS(气相色谱质谱联用仪)对鹤岗煤超细化煤粉进行燃烧试验,分析了粒径、氧气浓度、升温速率对NOx释放的影响.结果表明,不同粒径的鹤岗煤在氧气浓度为20%的燃烧条件下,NOx的析出均为单峰曲线;粒径对煤粉燃烧NOx释放有重要影响,超细化煤粉可以减少NOx的排放;在5.10、20℃/min升温条件下,随升温速率的增大NO和NO2的析出量也增加,并且NO的最大析出速率对应的温度随着升温速率的提高也提高;随着燃烧气氛氧气浓度的增高,NOx的析出量相应增加,并且NOx的最大析出速率对应温度相应降低.     

利用偶极子涡流器掺烧电石渣固硫治废

本文通过引入一套新型的偶极子涡流器燃烧设备，对层燃炉稍作改造直接掺烧化工废料电石渣固硫，达到以废治废清洁生产的目的，同时本文还讨论了燃煤ＳＯ２释放规律，电石渣固硫的反应特性，电石渣废料对燃煤性能的影响，并提出了电石渣废料的最佳掺烧量，以及最佳的燃烧温度。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.