植物叶片相对吸硫量的研究及在绿化中的应用

为探索北京市本土植物对污染物硫的降解能力，从重度污染区(首钢邻山)、轻度污染区(北京植物园内山上)和对照区(北京周边数个森林公园)分别采集21种植物叶片，采用比浊法消解和定容、IRIS advantage型等离子体发射光谱仪测定其含硫量。分析不同程度污染区植物叶片的相对吸硫量。不同污染区绿化降硫时，考虑选用相应地带叶片净吸硫量大的植物类型。     

行道树对城市道路交通环境的响应研究

以南方常见的8种城市行道树作为研究对象,并以各自在远离城市道路交通环境生长的树种作为对照,对行道树及其对照样品叶片和树皮的重金属铅和镉、电导率、pH值、叶片伤斑率及叶片表皮结构气孔数等进行测定,以探讨不同树种对交通环境的响应.结果表明,与对照树种比较,行道树叶片和树皮能累积城市道路交通环境中的重金属铅和镉,其电导率和叶片的伤斑率增加,pH值下降.叶片气孔数的变化随树种不同有所差别,如阴香〔Cinnamomumbur-manii(Nees)〕等的叶片气孔数比对照少,而细叶榕(FicusmicrocarpaL.)等比对照多.根据行道树的生长状况及净化重金属的能力,8种供试植物中,白兰(MicheliaalbaDC.)和垂叶榕(FicusbenjaminaL.)最适合选作行道树,而阴香因其在交通环境中生长不良,净化效益差,不宜选作交通密集区的行道树种.图3表3参17     

兰州市大气污染对植物中游离脯氨酸含量的影响

对兰州市大气污染对植物叶片中脯氨酸的含量进行测定和分析.结果表明:同一树种在不同污染区中脯氨酸的含量不同,存在极显著性的差异.同一污染区各种绿化植物中脯氨酸的含量也存在显著性的差异.5种树种的抗污染能力为:杨树>小叶黄杨>椿树>国槐>圆柏.根据污染区植物的生理反应,说明兰州市主要功能区的大气污染程度为:兰炼厂区>兰化厂区>橡胶厂>西关>西站>交大>兴隆山.     

广州市区植物叶片重金属元素含量及其大气污染评价

文章通过对广州市区植物叶片中重金属元素含量的分析，研究了植物大气环境污染指数，探讨了植物叶片重金属元素含量与城市大气环境污染之间的关系。结果表明，植物叶片中Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr元素污染都较严重，在重污染区这些元素的含量明显高于清洁对照区；用植物污染指数可以综合评价大气环境质量状况；利用植物叶片内的重金属含量变化，为大气污染生物监测和环境质量评价提供了科学依据。     

五种亚热带树苗的生长与干物质分配格局对大气污染胁迫的响应

将乡土木本植物猫尾木Dolichandronecauda-felina、蒲桃Syzygiumjambos、野牡丹Melastomacandidum、翻白叶树Pterospermumheterophyllum以及鸭脚木Scheffleraoctophylla1年生袋装苗盆栽,置半庇荫环境下适应4周,之后按株数均等分成两组,分别放置在南海五星污染区和广州华南植物园清洁区进行试验。5个月后进行植物构形生长参数和干物质量的测定,以探讨这5种亚热带树苗对大气污染响应的差异。结果表明,①这5种树苗均能在清洁区和污染区都存活,但生长特征表现明显差别。②除翻白叶树基径有少许增大外,大气污染基本上都使植物基径生长减小;树高方面,除了蒲桃外,其余树种树高都有所降低,鸭脚木树高受到的影响最为严重。③翻白叶树与猫尾木单株侧枝数有少许增加,而蒲桃和鸭脚木单株侧枝数有大幅度地下降,分别减少为清洁区单株侧枝数的46.5%和65.1%,野牡丹单株侧枝数基本上没有受到影响。④在污染区生长的5个树种单株干物质总量除了翻白叶树有所增加外,其余4个树种单株干物质量均有不同程度地下降。⑤除了蒲桃保持不变外,污染区?生长4种植物冠根比(CRR)均有不同程度地增加。在污染区生长的植株叶质量比(LWR)和叶面积比(LAR)与清洁区相比存在差异,野牡丹和蒲桃叶质量比和叶面积比下降,而其余3种植物叶质量比和叶面积比上升。综合实验结果表明,5种植物幼苗中对大气污染抗性最强的是翻白叶树和蒲桃,抗性最弱的是鸭脚木。     

退化喀斯特森林群落常见植物叶片SPAD值变异特征

叶绿素含量是植物生理生化及生态调查中的一个重要测量参数,植物叶绿素含量能灵敏地反映植物生理状态及其与环境的关系。SPAD(Soil and Plant Analyzer Development)值是反映植物叶绿素相对含量的指标,一定条件下可用SPAD值代替叶绿素含量进行植物生长环境和健康水平的评估。为探讨退化喀斯特森林不同演替群落植物叶片SPAD值变异特征及其对环境变化的响应,以陈旗小流域内退化喀斯特森林群落中的常见植物为研究对象,分别对其叶片SPAD值进行了测定分析。结果表明,(1)研究区植物叶片SPAD值在13.54~24.34之间变化,平均值为18.43。植物叶片SPAD值在稀灌草丛(16.33)、藤刺灌丛(19.65)、灌木林(20.90)、乔灌过渡林(18.18)和乔木林(17.07)等不同演替阶段植物群落之间差异显著(P0.05),而在各群落内部均较稳定,表明植物叶片SPAD值的改变一定程度上是对植物生境条件的响应。(2)研究区小果蔷薇(Rosa cymosa)、火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)、竹叶花椒(Zanthoxylum armatum)和小叶鼠李(Rhamnus parvifolia)4种植物叶片SPAD值在物种内均较稳定,但种间差异显著(P0.05),说明树种是影响植物叶片SPAD值的重要因子。(3)研究区群落类型、物种均对植物叶片SPAD值有显著影响并产生交互作用,但植物叶片SPAD值在各群落内部均较稳定,而在不同群落之间有显著差异(P0.05),表明研究区内植物叶片SPAD值的变异受环境变化等物种以外因素的影响更大。(4)研究区植物叶片SPAD值与叶片氮含量、叶面温度及生长环境的空气温度、露点温度之间均具有极显著正相关关系(P0.01),表明其变异特征是退化喀斯特森林生态系统结构和功能退化的综合体现。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林优势植物4种矿质元素的分配特征

植物对矿质元素的吸收和利用是衡量森林群落养分状况的重要指标.为了解亚热带常绿阔叶林植物群落矿质元素分配特征,以华西雨屏区亚热带常绿阔叶林优势植物为研究对象,于2017年8月采集乔木、灌木和草本植物的根、茎、皮、枝、叶样品,测定分析森林群落优势植物矿质元素K、Ca、Na、Mg的分配特征.结果表明:优势植物矿质元素平均浓度表现为Ca K Mg Na;不同功能群各元素浓度存在一定差异,K和Mg浓度以乔木植物最低,Ca和K浓度分别以灌木和草本植物最高,Na浓度在植物功能群间无明显变化;不同植物功能群相同器官的矿质元素浓度明显不同,根系K、Ca和Mg浓度以乔木植物最低,叶片K、Ca、Na和Mg浓度以灌木植物最高,乔木和灌木植物枝条矿质元素浓度差异不显著;同一植物功能群的不同器官显著影响矿质元素浓度,乔木植物Ca浓度以树皮最高,灌木植物K、Ca和Mg元素浓度以枝条最低,草本植物叶片和根系矿质元素无显著差异;K与Mg和Na元素浓度以及Ca与Mg元素浓度显著正相关,Na与Ca和Mg元素浓度呈显著负相关,K和Ca元素浓度相关不显著.因此,亚热带常绿阔叶林植物矿质元素的分配不仅受到功能群及其器官的影响,还受到元素间相互作用的影响.(图4表2参55附表1)     

唐菖蒲对大气氟污染的生理生化反应(Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Gladiolus to Atmospheric Fluoride Pollution)

通过唐菖蒲在石家庄不同大气环境中叶片的形态、叶绿素总量、细胞膜透性以及过氧化物酶活性的变化,研究了唐菖蒲对氟污染胁迫的生理生化反应及适应调节机理.结果表明:石家庄市各监测点的大气中均存在氟污染,其污染物浓度由高到低依次为:市热电厂>元南小区>棉七生活区>阳光公园;从严重污染区到清洁区,随着污染程度的减小,唐菖蒲的叶绿素含量显著增加,细胞膜相对电导率及过氧化物酶活性明显降低.初步分析显示,唐菖蒲可作为大气氟污染的指示植物.     

惠州绿化乔木叶片及其叶面降尘对大气SO2污染的生物监测

采用常规采样及碱片挂片法同步监测广东省惠州市大气SO2体积分数,用ICP-AES测定了惠州市不同功能区的2种主要绿化树种大叶榕(Ficus virens Ait var.sublanceolata(Miq.) Corner)、紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)叶片及其叶面降尘的硫质量分数。结果表明,不同功能区植物叶片和降尘的硫质量分数差异显著,其综合污染指数(PI)以商业交通区、工业区、居住区、清洁区的趋势递减。叶片中硫的质量分数随春、夏、秋季而增长,季节差异显著。植物叶片、降尘中硫质量分数随交通流量的减少而降低。叶片和叶面降尘中硫的质量分数与大气硫酸盐化速率三者显著相关,大叶榕和紫荆与降尘协同生物监测大气SO2的二元数学模型的相关系数分别为R=0.995和R=0.990,明显优于植物与硫酸盐化速率监测SO2的常规一元数学模型。表明大叶榕、紫荆叶片及其叶面降尘均可作为城市区域大气SO2污染的有效指示剂,叶片的长期效益和季节效益显著,降尘则短期效益显著;两者协同监测,可靠性和灵敏度更高,应用前景广阔,可为地方和区域环境监测和评价提供参考。     

蕃茄转基因受体系统的研究

对蕃茄基因转化的受体系统进行了研究结果表明：在蕃茄离体子叶（或子叶切段）培养中，只加细胞分裂素（Zt或BA）即可使不定芽充分分化，而少量生长素对不定芽的分化反而有抑制作用；在所试验过的多种外植体中，以2／3子叶片处切割子叶所产生的外植体用作转化受体最好；不同蕃茄品种、同一品种的不同外植体及同一外植体的不同培养方式等均对转化频率有一定的影响；通过生长素短期刺激诱导，可解决转基因植物生很困难的问题．     

Influences of traffic on Pb,Cu and Zn concentrations in roadside soils of an urban park in Dublin,Ireland

Soils in the vicinity of roads are recipients of contaminants from traffic emissions. In order to obtain a better understanding of the impacts of traffic on soils, a total of 225 surface soil samples were collected from an urban park (Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland) in a grid system. Metal (Pb, Cu and Zn) concentrations were determined using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Strong spatial variations for the concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn were observed. The spatial distribution maps created using geographical information system techniques revealed elevated metal concentrations close to the main traffic route in the park. The relationships between the accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in the roadside soils and the distance from the road were well fitted with an exponential model. Elevated metal concentrations from traffic pollution extended to a distance of approximately 40 m from the roadside. The results of this study provide useful information for the management of urban parks particularly in relation to policies aimed at reducing the impact of traffic related pollution on soils.     

Concentrations of anthropogenic Pt and Pd in urban roadside soils in Xuzhou, China

The potential accumulation of platinum group elements (PGE) in the environment from automobile catalysts is high in urban areas, with the major sinks being roadside soils. Therefore, this investigation presented the detailed study on characterized concentrations of Pt and Pd and their enrichment ratios in urban roadside soils in Xuzhou, China in March 2003. Data from 21 roadside topsoil samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) illustrated that the medians of concentrations of Pt and Pd were 2.9 and 2.8 ng/g, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that Pt and Pd were mainly from traffic emissions. Compared to unpolluted soils, computation of Pt and Pd enrichment ratios suggested that the Xuzhou roadside soils had average enrichment factors of 3.53 for Pt (in range of 1.22–5.73) and of 3.37 for Pd (in range of 1.35–4.46). Lower Pt/Pd ratios (in range of 0.35–2.86) in relation to similar studies in other countries were observed, which might be due to the different Pt/Pd ratios in Chinese automobile catalytic converters. Moreover, fine fraction (<250 μm) contained higher concentrations of Pt and Pd compared to the coarse fraction (250–500 μmm).     

Cadmium and lead in livestock feed and cattle manure from four agricultural areas of Bursa,Turkey

The cadmium and lead contents in cattle manure taken from four agricultural areas exposed to different degrees of environmental pollution and in the livestock feeds grown in those places were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The levels of cadmium and lead contamination in the manures of the cattle, which were fed in the areas far from industries, traffic or urbanization, were less than those that were closer to heavy traffic and industrial activities. The highest heavy metal content was found in cattle manure collected from the region with heavy traffic, followed by the industrial region and the rural region. Among the live stock feeds used in the present study, the highest levels of lead were found in grass; and the lowest levels were obtained from the samples of straw.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts, roadside soils, and tree barks in Seoul, Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8-444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7-221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3-5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4-5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop-start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.

     

Metal distribution in urban soil around steel industry beside Queen Alia Airport,Jordan

The objective of this study was to assess the extent and severity of metal contamination in urban soil around Queen Alia Airport, Jordan. Thirty-two soil samples were collected around steel manufacturing plants located in the Al-Jiza area, south Jordan, around the Queen Alia Airport. The samples were obtained at two depths, 0–10 and 10–20 cm, and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) levels. The physicochemical factors believed to affect the mobility of metals in the soil of the study area were also examined, including pH, electrical conductivity, total organic matter, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content and cation exchange capacity. The high concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cd in the soil samples were found to be related to anthropogenic sources, such as the steel manufacturing plants, agriculture and traffic emissions, with the highest concentrations of these metals close to the site of the steel plants; in contrast the concentration of Cr was low in the soil sampled close to the steel plants. The metals were concentrated in the surface soil, and concentrations decreased with increasing depth, reflecting the physical properties of the soil and its alkaline pH. The mineralogical composition of the topsoil, identified by X-ray diffraction, was predominantly quartz, calcite, dolomite and minor minerals, such as gypsum and clay minerals. Metal concentrations were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compute the statistical significance of the mean. The results of the ANOVA showed significant differences between sites for Pb, Cd and Cu, but no significant differences for the remaining metals tested. Factor analysis revealed that polluted soil occurs predominantly at sites around the steel plants and that there is no significant variation in the characteristics of the unpolluted soil, which are uniform in the study area.     

Biomonitoring verkehrsbedingter Platin-Immissionen

Traffic related platinum deposits on, or near to, the roads. Platinum accumulation was studied using the method of standardised culture of grass (Lolium multiflorum) at locations with different traffic exposure in the region of Munich. Grass cultures from 6 locations with high traffic exposure, and 3 reference locations far away from traffic emissions, were analysed in 1992 and 1993. The results show a good indication of the platinum emissions byLolium multiflorum. The platinum concentrations rose with the increasing traffic. They diminished with growing distance from the verge of the road. The highest average platinum concentrations were measured at locations close to highly frequented urban roads, in the range 0.8 to 2.9 μg/kg dm. The average platinum concentration at locations far from emissions was found in the range of 0.17 to 0.51 μg/kg dm in 1992 and 1993. The good correlation between the platinum concentrations in grass cultures and the concentrations of other traffic-related elements, like antimony, chromium and lead, verifies the dependence of platinum accumulation from traffic.