分类收集对我国城市生活垃圾处理处置的影响探析

城市生活垃圾分类收集是实现生活垃圾高效资源化和无害化处理的必然途径。垃圾分类制度的正式实行,使城市生活垃圾收运模式得到了优化,节约了填埋场库容,降低了填埋场失稳风险和焚烧烟气中的重金属含量。我国于2019年在全国范围内实施生活垃圾分类制度,全面推进了城市生活垃圾分类收集工作。分类收集对我国城市生活垃圾处理处置所产生的影响引起了业界广泛关注。通过文献调研,总结和分析了我国城市生活垃圾分类收集的现状及分类收集对生活垃圾不同处理处置方式的影响研究现状及进展,以期为我国更好地规划和管理生活垃圾处理处置及相关研究提供参考。     

浅析成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的试点经验

为实现成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理,本文通过对成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理试点区域的实地调研,分析了农村生活垃圾的组分,详细介绍了试点区域垃圾分类方式、收运流程、分类成效和保障措施等,提出一些农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的重要的实践经验。     

山东省城市生活垃圾管理现状及对策

随着经济的发展,城市生活垃圾逐渐成为山东省面临的重大问题.系统分析了山东省城市生活垃圾的收运及处理现状,并对其对策进行了讨论,认为山东省应立足现实,完善城市生活垃圾管理体系;对城市生活垃圾分类收集,以源头控制为主,并逐步改进现有的较为单一的卫生填埋技术;尝试应用多种先进的综合处理新技术,改变传统的思维模式,加快城市生活垃圾处理市场化、产业化的步伐,走可持续发展之道路.     

生活垃圾分类收集将继续摸索

由于目前对生活垃圾分类收集的意义、方式以及生活垃圾的回收利用水平还存在很大的认识差异,这就注定我国生活垃圾分类收集还要继续在摸索中前行。国内通常将城市垃圾中可回收的物品称为"废品",而将其余物品俗称为垃圾,由城市环卫部门负责处理,而废品的收运和处理则由其他部门负责。因此,目前城市建设部门统计的城市垃圾清运量基本不能反映"废品"部分。此外,由于统计内容的差异,我国城市     

消除垃圾污染 改善城市环境

一、前言“垃圾”是人们日常生活和生产过程中的一种固体废弃物,是城市环境卫生事业三大污物(垃圾、粪便、污水)之一,产运大、收运繁琐、处理困难。人们对城市生活垃圾的收集、集中、装卸、转运、堆放,处理、消纳、利用等方面,曾研制和选用多种机具、车辆、设施、方法和措施,企图改进     

河南省“十二五”计划投资111.4亿元解决好垃圾问题

近日,河南省政府办公厅印发了《河南省“十二五”城镇生活垃圾无害化处理设施建设规划》。据了解,该规划对2011~2015年间,城镇生活垃圾无害化处理设施建设规划做出了具体要求。
　　规划明确提出：到2015年,全省城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率平均达到88%,其中：省辖市生活垃圾无害化处理率平均不低于90%,县城生活垃圾无害化处理率平均不低于75%;在全省90%以上的县城建立完善的生活垃圾收运体系。     

健康发展中的—广州市垃圾产业化

据《粤港信息日报》报道广州市的垃圾产业化正在健康发展,预计２０１０年前广州城市生活垃圾收运、处理将全面走向市场化、产业化。长期以来,垃圾的收运处理都是政府行为,是社会福利保障事业。广州市每年要支出１．９７亿元人民币来处理垃圾,国家包办到底,政府背负着沉重的包袱。如果垃圾收运走向产业化、市场化,这种局面将会有所改变。据悉,目前广州的垃圾产业的产业结构已形成二种形式。第一种是政府投资经营的垃圾产业。广州市大坦沙垃圾焚烧发电厂,由政府投资５－７亿元人民币,已于１９９６年１１月８日奠基兴建,工程设计规模…     

城市生活垃圾处理方法的探讨

介绍了国内外城市垃圾处理概况和吉林市城市生活垃圾的处理状况，对国内外城市生活垃圾处理方法做出了利弊分析。根据对吉林市越山路垃圾填埋场建设项目的评估，对吉林市城市生活垃圾处理方法提出了建议，即“不要盲目采用焚烧法，慎重开发利用城市垃圾填埋场，努力实现垃圾分类收集，积极推广堆肥处理法，认真开展热解法，实现卫生填埋”等城市生活垃圾无害化处理构想。     

一种城市生活垃圾产量预测的改进方法

将灰色系统理论与多元线性回归分析方法相结合，是研究城市生活垃圾产量预测的一种改进方法。以成都市为例。运用灰色关联度分析确定影响城市生活垃圾产量的4个主要因子：城市非农业人口、气化率、城市人均消费性支出、清扫面积。利用GM(1，1)模型预测上述4个因子的变化情况。建立一个包含这些因子的垃圾产量的多元线性回归分析预测模型，并对2004～2010年的垃圾产量进行预测。该模型预测精度高，实用性强，可为垃圾产量预测提供一种可靠的方法。     

基于共词分析的城市生活垃圾治理公共政策变迁量化分析

以1979—2020年我国中央政府颁发的411份城市生活垃圾治理政策文本作为研究对象,运用共词与聚类分析方法研究了我国不同时期城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变规律。结果发现:纵观我国城市生活垃圾治理公共政策焦点的演变轨迹,在"技术路线"、"垃圾属性"、"管理手段"、"治理结构"和"保障机制"方面发生了显著的政策主题变迁,呈现出垃圾治理朝更加绿色、更加经济方向发展的趋势。未来,应从监管体系、资源评估、财政补贴、空间布局4个方面保障生活垃圾零污染、高价值资源化治理。     

Curbside collection of recyclables. II. Simulation and economic analysis

Curbside collection of recyclable material can be expensive because the inherent costs of curbside collection are high, but also because amounts collected per residence are small compared to the total waste stream, and extra activity may be required, such as sorting. In this paper a simulation model is used to investigate the effect of collection method and route characteristics on route time. The simulation models presented calculate set-out amount based on route characteristics, set-out rate (SOR), and participation rate (PR). Route times are estimated for various conditions: constant SOR, constant PR, and constant set-out amount. Furthermore, a method for using route time to estimate vehicle and labor needs is presented, and used to estimate economic costs for one and two-person crew collection methods for the three simulation conditions mentioned above. The two-person crew is found to cost less than the one-person crew, for most simulated conditions.     

The Prospect of Municipal Waste Landfill Diversion Depends on Geographical Location

This study reports on experimentation with municipal and industrial solid waste in Brazil, on mutual inspection of municipal sanitation models in selected Spanish and Brazilian towns, and on observations of municipal solid waste (MSW) management models effective in Argentina, Great Britain, Sweden, and Germany. The diversity of management strategies inhibits technology transfer. Judging by the models inspected, Sweden and Germany appear to be best prepared for stricter European landfill diversion targets in the near future. Experimentation in Brazil has resulted in a proactive MSW management model based on divided collection, which achieves 80 percent landfill diversion. This result, surprisingly, meets and exceeds European diversion targets in a South American context. As the gap in strategy and target narrows between South America and Europe, both technology and management methods may gain intercontinental mobility and thus enhance commercial ties between the two markets in the specific branch of MSW management.     

Towards the estimation of demand for recycling in Chile: The case of Santiago

In developing countries, the recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) as an alternative to the traditional MSW management requires an economic sustainability valuation. From this perspective, the estimation of demand for recycling is crucial. In this paper, we study the case of recycling MSW in Santiago, Chile. We estimate the relation between the monthly amount of MSW separated voluntarily from apartments located in Santiago and the monthly price required to participate in a municipal recycling program. We consider the transference of the municipal cost savings to the owners of the apartments due to the amount of MSW separated for recycling, which is not collected and deposited in the current MSW system. For the estimation, we use concepts from environmental economics and psychology, analyzing the operation and municipal costs incurred by current MSW management and designing and applying a survey based on a contingent valuation method (CVM) approach. The results indicate that the percentage of MSW separated for recycling varies between a 27.98% and 33.18%, that only four MSW types are affected by a variation of the monthly price, and that a reduction of monthly collection trips in the current MSW system from 24 to 18 can be obtained. Additionally, we discuss a number of methodological aspects to be considered in a similar study of valuation of recycling in developing countries. Our conclusion is that Santiago has favorable conditions for the implementation of a recycling program as an alternative to the current MSW system.     

Performance assessment for municipal solid waste collection in Taiwan

Collecting municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major and expensive task for local waste management authorities, thus efficient MSW collection is a necessity. This study presents a procedure for developing an aggregate indicator (AI) to assess MSW collection efficiency based on multiple factors. The applicabilities of various key performance indicators (KPIs) are evaluated based on five selection criteria, and five KPIs are chosen to form the AI. The relative efficiencies of local MSW collection services are analyzed by the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. A set of common weights for all five KPIs is then generated based on DEA results and four selection rules by modifying a previous approach. Finally, the proposed AI is applied to assess the MSW collection services provided by 307 local governments in Taiwan, and associated results are compared and discussed.     

A two-stage support-vector-regression optimization model for municipal solid waste management - a case study of Beijing, China

In this study, a two-stage support-vector-regression optimization model (TSOM) is developed for the planning of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in the urban districts of Beijing, China. It represents a new effort to enhance the analysis accuracy in optimizing the MSW management system through coupling the support-vector-regression (SVR) model with an interval-parameter mixed integer linear programming (IMILP). The developed TSOM can not only predict the city's future waste generation amount, but also reflect dynamic, interactive, and uncertain characteristics of the MSW management system. Four kernel functions such as linear kernel, polynomial kernel, radial basis function, and multi-layer perception kernel are chosen based on three quantitative simulation performance criteria [i.e. prediction accuracy (PA), fitting accuracy (FA) and over all accuracy (OA)]. The SVR with polynomial kernel has accurate prediction performance for MSW generation rate, with all of the three quantitative simulation performance criteria being over 96%. Two cases are considered based on different waste management policies. The results are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the existing waste-allocation patterns to raise the city's waste diversion rate, as well as the capacity planning of waste management system to satisfy the city's increasing waste treatment/disposal demands.     

Municipal solid waste management in China: Status,problems and challenges

This paper presents an examination of MSW generation and composition in China, providing an overview of the current state of MSW management, an analysis of existing problems in MSW collection, separation, recycling and disposal, and some suggestions for improving MSW systems in the future. In China, along with urbanization, population growth and industrialization, the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been increasing rapidly. The total MSW amount increased from 31.3 million tonnes in 1980 to 212 million tonnes in 2006, and the waste generation rate increased from 0.50 kg/capita/day in 1980 to 0.98 kg/capita/year in 2006. Currently, waste composition in China is dominated by a high organic and moisture content, since the concentration of kitchen waste in urban solid waste makes up the highest proportion (at approximately 60%) of the waste stream. The total amount of MSW collected and transported was 148 million tonnes in 2006, of which 91.4% was landfilled, 6.4% was incinerated and 2.2% was composted. The overall MSW treatment rate in China was approximately 62% in 2007. In 2007, there were 460 facilities, including 366 landfill sites, 17 composing plants, and 66 incineration plants. This paper also considers the challenges faced and opportunities for MSW management in China, and a number of recommendations are made aimed at improving the MSW management system.     

Clean fuels from municipal solid waste for fuel cell buses in metropolitan areas

Increasing volumes of municipal solid waste (MSW) pose disposal problems for many cities. Costs are rising as landfilling becomes more difficult. The production of clean transportation fuels (methanol or hydrogen) from MSW is one economically and environmentally promising option for dealing with these problems. An attractive feature is that elimination of essentially all air pollutant emissions is inherent in the process. Current and future air emissions standards should be easily met. Methanol or hydrogen used in fuel cell vehicles (FCV) can help address problems of deteriorating urban air quality due to vehicle pollution and heavy dependence of the transport sector on imported petroleum. Buses are initial targets for commercial application of fuel cells. Coupled with FCVs, MSW could become a major transportation energy resource. For example, less than 25% of New York City's MSW supply would be sufficient to produce the methanol or hydrogen needed to fuel the entire city's bus fleet, if the buses were fuel cell powered. Estimated breakeven tipping fees required for hydrogen or methanol from MSW to compete with the cost of these fuels made from natural gas today are $52 to $89/raw tonne MSW for hydrogen and $64 to $104/raw tonne MSW for methanol (in 1991$), depending on the gasification technology considered. For comparison, the average tipping fee today in New York City is $74/tonne (1991$). Because of the high fuel economies expected for fuel cell buses, total lifecycle costs per bus-km could be lower than for conventional diesel-engine buses.     

An inexact dynamic optimization model for municipal solid waste management in association with greenhouse gas emission control

Municipal solid waste (MSW) should be properly disposed in order to help protect environmental quality and human health, as well as to preserve natural resources. During MSW disposal processes, a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) is emitted, leading to a significant impact on climate change. In this study, an inexact dynamic optimization model (IDOM) is developed for MSW-management systems under uncertainty. It grounds upon conventional mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approaches, and integrates GHG components into the modeling framework. Compared with the existing models, IDOM can not only deal with the complex tradeoff between system cost minimization and GHG-emission mitigation, but also provide optimal allocation strategies under various emission-control standards. A case study is then provided for demonstrating applicability of the developed model. The results indicate that desired waste-flow patterns with a minimized system cost and GHG-emission amount can be obtained. Of more importance, the IDOM solution is associated with over 5.5 million tonnes of TEC reduction, which is of significant economic implication for real implementations. Therefore, the proposed model could be regarded as a useful tool for realizing comprehensive MSW management with regard to mitigating climate-change impacts.     

Composting and compost application in China

The current situation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge production (in terms of volume as well as composition) in China is introduced. Composting and compost application in China are reviewed. In China, the production of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge is changing rapidly along with economic development. Composting is mainly applied for treating MSW, about 20% of the total amount of MSW being disposed. MSW composting is mainly co-composted with night soil or sewage sludge. Compost is used in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. Compost application is the key factor influencing the composting development in China. To promote composting and compost application in China, a state-wide survey on the production, composition and physical and chemical properties of MSW and sewage sludge should be carried out. More effort should be made to develop low cost and high efficient composting technologies according to China's conditions. The environmental impact of compost application should also be given more attention.     

Public–Private Partnerships for Solid Waste Management Services

The increasing cost of municipal solid waste (MSW) management has led local governments in numerous countries to examine if this service is best provided by the public sector or can better be provided by the private sector. Public–private partnerships have emerged as a promising alternative to improve MSW management performance with privately owned enterprises often outperforming publicly owned ones. In Lebanon, several municipalities are transforming waste management services from a public service publicly provided into a public service privately contracted. In this context, a regulated private market for MSW management services is essential. The present study examines a recent experience of the private sector participation in MSW management in the Greater Beirut Area. The results of a field survey concerning public perception of solid waste management are presented. Analysis of alternatives for private sector involvement in waste management is considered and management approaches are outlined.