燃煤电站炭基催化法脱硫脱硝工艺参数分析

在自主设计建设的炭基催化剂脱硫脱硝试验平台上,通过单一变量试验,分别研究了ρ(SO_2)、φ(O_2)、φ(水蒸气)、床层温度、空速、ρ(NO)、氨氮比等工艺参数对炭基催化剂脱硫脱硝性能的影响,分析得到了适合燃煤电站炭基催化法脱硫脱硝技术的工艺参数。较优的脱硫工艺参数为:ρ(O_2)为3%～4%,φ(水蒸气)为12%,床层温度为80～120℃,空速为400～2200 h-1,此时脱硫效率达到98%以上;较优的脱硝工艺参数为:φ(O_2)为3%～4%,φ(水蒸气)为5%,床层温度为110～130℃,空速为1000 h-1,氨氮比>1,此时脱硝效率达到70%以上;在电厂烟气的温度及φ(O_2)条件下,炭基催化剂有较高的脱硫脱硝效率,为其在电力行业的应用提供参考。     

过渡金属共混制备核桃壳活性炭的脱硫性能研究

以核桃壳炭化料为原料,Ni2O3、Co2O3和CuO分别为改性组分,采用共混法制备了一系列新型柱状活性炭,并用模拟烟气在多路固定床微反应器上进行脱硫性能实验。研究结果表明:3种金属改性的活性炭均具有较好的脱硫性能,对Ni改性的及Cu改性的活性炭而言,最佳改性比例为2%,其穿透硫容分别为150.3 mg/g和175.0 mg/g,比未进行金属改性的空白活性炭(AC-0)分别提高了15.4%和34.6%;而Co的最佳改性比例为5%,其对应的穿透硫容为160.5 mg/g,比AC-0提高了23.1%。在相同改性比例2%下,以Ni、Co和Cu此3种单金属改性的活性炭脱硫性能的优劣顺序依次为:AC-Cu>AC-Ni>AC-Co,最大的穿透硫容和时间分别达到了175.0 mg/g和21.6 h。综合脱硫效率和经济性等多方面考虑,以Cu作为改性金属、CuO作为改性剂改性核桃壳活性炭脱硫具有很大的优势。     

废茶活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的应用研究

为探讨废茶活性炭对于SO2和NO脱除作用的制约因素,分别考察了材料孔径结构、石墨化程度及表面结构对其脱硫脱硝性能的影响,同时研究了其吸附机制及动力学过程.结果表明,较高的石墨化程度是影响材料脱硫性能的主要因素,微孔径较小且含氮碱性基团较高时有利于SO2的脱除;发达的中孔结构是制约NO脱除效率的关键因素,含氮碱性基团对NO的脱除具有一定的促进作用;烟气中SO2和NO共存时,材料的脱硫脱硝性能均有所降低,氧气和水蒸气的加入能够改善其脱硫脱硝效率;废茶活性炭在无水环境下对于SO2和NO的吸附作用均以物理吸附为主,水蒸气的存在促进了材料对SO2的化学吸附;通过动力学模型的拟合发现,Bangham吸附模型能够很好地描述材料脱硫脱硝的动力学过程,其R2均高于0.989,材料对于SO2和NO的吸附速率常数均随氧气和水蒸气的加入而减小.     

活性炭基脱硫剂的制备及性能研究

为考察活性炭（AC）脱硫剂对H2S吸附去除性能的影响,以活性炭为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载氢氧化钠（NaOH）和铜酞菁（CuPc）的活性炭基脱硫剂。实验得到各对照组AC的H2S穿透时间和饱和硫容的变化规律。结果显示,负载质量分数为0.025%~0.250%的CuPc可以在一定程度上提高活性炭的穿透硫容,但饱和硫容与空白组相比没有明显差异;负载质量分数为10%的NaOH,活性炭的穿透时间为180 min,饱和硫容达到789.7 mg/g,比空白组提高了60%;负载10%的NaOH和0.250%的CuPc,AC的穿透时间为230 min,饱和硫容为730.0 mg/g,比单独负载10%的NaOH穿透时间提高20%。     

氧化铁烟气脱硫的反应特性及其机理表征

以磁性氧化铁红作为脱硫剂,在微型固定床反应器上进行氧化铁烟气脱硫试验,研究氧化铁烟气脱硫的反应特性,并对脱硫机理进行表征。结果表明:氧化铁脱硫反应最佳温度范围为400~420℃,硫容可达43.9%~46.1%;进口烟气中SO2的浓度越高,脱硫剂越容易穿透,穿透时间越短,脱硫效果越差;再生温度越高,脱硫剂再生率越高,再生所用的时间越短,再生效果越好;氧化铁脱硫剂再生后,脱硫反应活性下降;脱硫反应前、后和再生反应前、后的脱硫剂XRD图谱均发生变化,氧化铁的脱硫产物为硫酸铁,硫酸铁的高温再生产物为氧化铁。     

V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂用于烟气同时脱硫脱硝的研究

研究了用V2O5/TiO2催化剂同时脱除烟气中的SO2和NO,考察了H2还原温度及其它反应条件对SO2和NO脱除率的影响。结果表明,经H2还原后所制得的V2O5/TiO2催化剂可以提高脱硫脱硝活性,最佳还原温度为700℃;在450～500℃的烟气温度范围内,该催化剂有较佳的脱硫脱硝活性;在相同反应温度下,空速越大,SO2和NO的脱除率越低;烟气中的氧气可大大提高V2O5/TiO2的脱硫脱硝活性,且氧气体积含量在5%～10%范围内变化时,对SO2和NO脱除率的影响较小。     

不同性能滤料负载活性焦脱硫脱硝的实验研究

通过固定床试验,分别研究了HBT、玻纤贴面芳砜纶、P84三种不同性能滤料负载粉状活性焦脱硫脱硝的效率,以及经实验优选得到的HBT滤料负载粉状活性焦在80~100℃温度范围、6%~10%的氧气体积比、6%~10%的水蒸气体积比和0~6的氨氮比条件下对脱硫脱硝的影响,探索了滤料负载粉状活性焦达到最佳脱硫脱硝效果的工艺参数。结果表明:滤料负载粉状活性焦的脱硫脱硝效率高于其单独脱硫脱硝效率的代数和;当反应温度在100℃时、氧气体积比和水蒸气体积比在8%时达到最佳脱除效果;其中水蒸气体积比和氨氮比分别对脱硫、脱硝影响较大。     

双碱法烟气脱硫工艺实验研究

在工业规模装置上对双碱法烟气脱硫工艺进行了系统实验研究了,主要考察了Na OH和Ca(OH)2浓度、烟气含尘量、钙硫比(脱硫剂中钙的摩尔数与煤中硫的摩尔数之比)、液气比(脱硫剂流量L与烟气流量G之比)、烟气温度、烟气与脱硫剂接触时间以及加氧量对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:烟气脱硫率随Na OH浓度在5%~30%范围内的增加逐渐增加,Na OH浓度高于30%对脱硫率影响不大,Ca(OH)2浓度为10%~12%时脱硫率最高;烟气含尘量由1 600 mg/m3降低到400 mg/m3,脱硫率从95%线性降低到84%;钙硫比为1.1时脱硫效果最好;脱硫率随液气比的增加逐渐升高,当液气比高于15.5 L/m3,脱硫率变化不大;较低的烟气进口温度利于SO2的吸收,脱硫率越高;烟气与脱硫剂接触时间越长,脱硫率越高;氧气的通入将亚硫酸盐氧化为硫酸盐,提高了脱硫率,同时可避免结垢。     

Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2低温催化还原NO的性能

采用浸渍法制备了Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2.研究了其组分配比、焙烧温度等制备条件和NO进口浓度、空速、O2含量、NH3/NO摩尔比等操作条件对Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2 NH3低温还原NO活性的影响,并探讨了H2O、SO2对Mn-Ce-Fe/Ti O2活性的影响.结果表明,Mn:Fe:Ce摩尔比为5:2:4、500℃下焙烧的Mn-Ce-Fe/TiO2在无H2O、SO2,NO体积分数为0.1%,空速为5000h～,反应温度为130℃、O2含量为6%、NH3/NO摩尔比为1.1的条件下,NO转化率接近98%,Fe的加入大大提高了催化剂的单独抗水和同时抗硫抗水性能,130℃下,体积分数10%的H2O对该催化剂的活性基本没有影响,转化率保持在96%以上;通硫、水后的400min内,活性仅下降3%.单独通人S02时,该催化剂中毒程度较深.该催化剂有望应用于基本不含SO2的燃气锅炉烟气和不含SO2的硝酸尾气等NO,工业废气的低温脱硝.     

活性炭催化氧化烟气中SO_2的研究

为了有针对性地寻找有实际应用价值的炭系脱硫剂 ,以活性炭为研究对象 ,较深入地研究了影响其脱硫性能的因素。通过对活性炭脱除烟气中SO2 的实验研究 ,得出了活性炭脱硫效果的关键是活性炭的催化活性 ,在催化活性一定的条件下 ,O2 浓度、水蒸汽浓度、炭床层温度等影响脱硫效率的结果。并由此得出寻找具有较高催化活性的炭系脱硫剂 ,是保证脱硫效率 ,使炭系脱硫剂得以推广应用的关键的结论     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.