大亚湾澳头海域表层沉积物中甲藻孢囊的垂直分布

于2001年8月采集了大亚湾澳头海域3个采样点约20cm柱状沉积物样品,研究了甲藻孢囊的垂直分布。该海域孢囊种类较丰富,共分析鉴定出20个属的38种孢囊类型。孢囊数量十分高,3个站位上表层12cm沉积物中孢囊的平均数量分别为4 13、2 02、1 14×104/g,最高达1 12×105/g。锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiellatrochoidea)孢囊是压倒性优势种类,在大部分样品中该孢囊的数量超过了50%,上表层甚至超过了90%。孢囊的H′为0 15～3 51,3个站位平均分别为0 78、1 66、2 72。结果显示大亚湾澳头海域在20世纪80年代开始就受到污染,90年代后污染加重,而近5a来则更加严重。     

有机氮对大亚湾亚历山大藻种群生长的促进作用

2008年1~12月对大亚湾澳头养殖海域溶解有机氮(DON)组成、含量与亚历山大藻种群动态进行了周年调查,同步监测了无机营养盐、水温、盐度等主要环境因子.结果显示,大亚湾澳头海域DON水平4~6月较高,最大值达21.27μmolN/L,其余月份较低,全年平均浓度为7.44μmolN/L.尿素是DON的重要组分,全年平均浓度为1.98μmolN/L,约占DON的20%~30%.可溶性游离氨基酸(DFAA)波动较大,介于1~5μmolN/L.4~6月亚历山大藻种群维持较高密度.4月21日澳头海域发生亚历山大藻水华,最高细胞密度达到3319cells/mL.DON和尿素浓度高峰与亚历山大藻密度高峰同步出现,水华消散后DON和尿素浓度分别大幅下降至高峰期的23.84%和62.86%.统计结果显示,表征有机污染程度的DON、尿素和CODMn与亚历山大藻种群密度具有显著正相关关系(p<0.05).DON含量的增加能够促进亚历山大藻的生长,并在温度、盐度等环境条件适宜的情况下可能成为赤潮暴发的重要诱因.     

大亚湾典型养殖区沉积物-海水界面营养盐扩散通量及其环境意义

通过2005年6月对大亚湾两部的大鹏澳养殖海域进行沉积物柱状样采集分析,探讨了间隙水中NH4-N、NO3-N、NO2-N和PO4-P含量及空间分布特征,估算了沉积物-海水界面营养盐的扩散通量.结果表明,网箱养殖区柱状样间隙水中NH4-N、PO4-P平均含量分别为325.3μmol/L、20.4 μmol/L,远高于贝类养殖区及对照区.网箱养殖区NH4-N、PO4-P、NO2-N 平均扩散通量在三个区域中均居首位,分别为692.9、36.5和6.1 μmol/(m2·d),贝类区次之.网箱养殖大大提高了营养盐由沉积物向海水界面的扩散通量,使养殖海域成为一个极具潜力的污染内源.     

大亚湾海域春季营养现状分析与评价

根据2007年4月对大亚湾海域调查结果,分析并评价了该海域春季的营养状况.结果表明,DIN为湾西部和中部含量较高,PO4-P为湾中部海域含量较高,SiO3-Si为澳头附近海域中部和核电站附近海域东南部含量较高;底层DIN、PO4-P和SiO3-Si水平分布均表现为澳头附近海域中部含量较高于其他海域;上覆水中DIN和PO4-P为整个湾内水域分布相对较均匀,而SiO3-Si为霞涌西南部近岸海域和核电站附近海域东南部含量较高.从营养结构看,与Redfield值和Justic等提出的营养盐化学计量限制标准比较符合N限制条件.根据修正后的营养状态指数评价模式和有机污染评价指数计算结果,2007年春季大亚湾海域营养水平属于贫营养水平,有机污染程度表层、底层属0级,而上覆水属1级,表明大亚湾海水水质良好.     

基于正定矩阵因子模型的大亚湾海域污染特征解析研究

深刻剖析近岸海域污染物的时空分布特征,精确识别各污染物来源,对改善海洋水环境质量和提升水环境功能具有重要意义。本研究以大亚湾海域为研究对象,结合超标倍数赋权法和空间集成分析技术,对海域表、底层水质进行综合评价;利用正定矩阵因子模型（PMF）识别区域污染源,解析各污染源对污染物的贡献率。结果表明:大亚湾表层水体以轻微污染为主,东南部存在轻度污染,西北部澳头海域存在中度污染,底层水体以轻度污染为主,西北部澳头海域存在重度污染;大亚湾表层水体主要污染源为生活污水（15%）、入海河流（15.5%）以及悬浮颗粒物（44.3%）,底层水体主要污染源为悬浮颗粒物（40.6%）以及石化废水（37%）。本研究提出的基于空间集成分析和正定矩阵因子模型的海域污染特征解析框架能够准确地对海湾进行水质综合评价和污染源解析,可为大亚湾水环境保护和科学管理提供依据和参考。     

大亚湾大鹏澳海域微表层浮游植物群落研究

为了解微表层中浮游植物群落的动态变化,于2007年5月～2008年4月对大亚湾大鹏澳海域微表层的浮游植物群落进行了调查和分析.共鉴定出浮游植物142种,其中以硅藻、甲藻为主,还有一些种类的蓝藻和红藻、褐藻等大型藻类的丝状幼体.浮游植物细胞数量在1.90×104～8.17×105/L之间,年均值为2.45×105L.该浮游植物群落由硅藻和蓝藻共同主导,细胞数量年均百分比含量分别为48.41%和42.14%,硅藻细胞数量在夏秋季节占绝对优势,冬季则以蓝藻占据优势地位.Shannon-Weaver多样性指数和均匀度均较高,年平均值分别为3.02、0.62.全年没有明显的季节变化规律.调查表明,一定种类和数量的蓝藻的出现是大亚湾微表层浮游植物的重要特征,在一定程度上标志着该海域水质的恶化.     

大亚湾养殖海域营养盐的周年变化及其来源分析

根据2002年6月～2003年6月对广东大亚湾大鹏澳海区进行的每月1次大面调查的资料,对该海域的无机氮、磷酸盐及硅酸盐的周年变化及其来源进行分析.结果表明,无机氮含量范围是0.0103～0.5646 mg/L,各区域最大值都出现在9月份.PO4-P含量的范围是0～0.0129 mg/L,核电站排水区的含量最大值出现在4月,其他三个区域的含量最大值出现在9月份. SiO2-Si的含量范围是0.0204～1.4706 mg/L, 河口区的含量从6～11月都高于其他三个区域, 养殖区及核电站排水区的含量全年变化幅度很小.调查海域无机氮来源于养殖区本身和地表径流,磷酸盐来源于养殖区本身,而硅酸盐则来源于地表径流.P是大鹏澳海域浮游植物繁殖生长的主要限制因子,N次之,Si是本海域最为丰富的营养盐.     

海洋污染及其防治

X55 200402815 大亚湾日本星杆藻种群动态及其与环境因子的关系/王朝晖…(暨南大学水生生物研究所)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会.-2004,24(1).-32 -36 环图X-58 研究了1997～1998年及1999和2000年春季大亚湾日本星杆藻(Asterionella japonica)种群动态及其与环境因子之间的关系。日本星杆藻是大亚湾浮游植物常见优势种类,可在全年温度范围(14 ～32.8℃)内形成数量高峰,并发生水华。日本星杆藻在1998年和2000年春季不常出现,但1999 年春丰富的营养盐含量及它们之间合适的比值、     

大鹏澳网箱养殖海域海水溶解氧浓度影响因素分析

根据2001和2002年在大鹏澳网箱养殖海域的观测数据,探讨表层海水溶解氧(DO)浓度的变化特点及与其他环境因子的关系.结果表明研究海域的DO浓度在4.52～8.35 mg/L,总体、网箱区外、网箱区内的平均值分别为6.24、6.81、5.89 mg/L,DO季节平均浓度在冬季、春季、夏季、秋季分别为7.52、6.66、5.44、5.33 mg/L.t检验表明,在95%的置信水平上DO浓度在网箱区内比网箱区外明显降低,冬季明显高于其它季节,春季明显高于夏季和秋季.逐步线性回归分析结果显示,海水DO浓度按相关程度的高低依次与下列5个环境因子的强度显著负相关(r=-0.945,p=0.025)海水温度＞底质硫化物＞海水亚硝酸盐＞海水磷酸盐＞海水氨和铵盐.     

海洋污染及其防治

x55双取现盯拼2广东大亚湾藻类水华的动力学分析n.藻类水华与营养元素的关系研究/徐宁…(暨南大学水生态科学研究所)//环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心一2(X)1,21(4)一闷田一粼抖环图X一9 1卯8年1月一12月在广东大亚湾澳头海域布设6个监测站位,每3天采样1次,连续监测浮游植物种群结构及其时空演替。4月一6月上旬同步监测水温、盐度、光照、声值、Do、叶绿素。、C()D、浊度和营养元素等环境因子,其余月份每月测定一次。监测结果表明,大亚湾澳头海域1998年全年先后发生日本星杆藻(Asteri朋eUa japomca)水华、细弱海链藻(Thala面osha …     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.