Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.     

Periodically hydrologic alterations decouple the relationships between physicochemical variables and chlorophyll-a in a dam-induced urban lake

Periodically hydrologic alterations driven by seasonal change and water storage capacity management strongly modify physicochemical properties and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and their interactions in dam-induced lakes. However, the extent and magnitude of these changes still remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of periodically hydrologic alterations on physicochemical variables and Chl-a in the dam-induced urban Hanfeng Lake, upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir. Shifts in Chl-a and 13 physicochemical variables were recorded monthly in the lake from January 2013 to December 2014. Chl-a was neither seasonal nor inter-annual differences while a few physical variables such as flow velocity (V) exhibited significantly seasonal variabilities, and chemical variables like total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved silica (DSi) were markedly inter-annual differences. Higher TN:TP (40:1) and lower NO₃-N:DSi (0.8:1) relative to balanced stoichiometric ratios suggested changes in composition of phytoplankton communities and potentially increased proportion of diatom in Hanfeng Lake. Chl-a was predicable by combination of dissolved oxygen (DO), TN and DSi in dry season, and by V alone in wet season. During the whole study period, Chl-a was solely negatively correlated with TN:TP, indicating decline in N concentration and increase in P could therefore increase Chl-a. Our results highlight pronounced decoupling of linkages between Chl-a and physicochemical variables affected by periodically hydrologic alterations in dam-induced aquatic systems.     

Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

Temporal and spatial changes in nutrients and chlorophyll-a in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China: An 11-year investigation

Temporal and spatial changes of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in a shallow lake, Lake Chaohu, China, were investigated using monthly monitoring data from 2001 through 2011. The results showed that the annual mean concentration ranges of TN, TP, and Chl-a were 0.08-14.60 mg/L, 0.02-1.08 mg/L, and 0.10-465.90 μg/L, respectively. Our data showed that Lake Chaohu was highly eutrophic and that water quality showed no substantial improvement during 2001 through 2011. The mean concentrations of TP, TN and Chl-a in the western lake were significantly higher than in the eastern lake, which indicates a spatial distribution of the three water parameters. The annual mean ratio of TN:TP by weight ranged from 10 to 20, indicating that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient in this lake. A similar seasonality variation for TP and Chl-a was observed. Riverine TP and NH₄⁺ loading from eight major tributaries were in the range of 1.56×10⁴-5.47×10⁴ and 0.19×10⁴-0.51×10⁴ tons/yr over 2002-2011, respectively, and exceeded the water environmental capability of the two nutrients in the lake by a factor of 3-6. Thus reduction of nutrient loading in the sub-watershed and tributaries would be essential for the restoration of Lake Chaohu.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Prorocentrum donghaiense

The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.     

水文地貌分区下鄱阳湖丰水期水质空间差异及影响机制

在2011年7月鄱阳湖丰水期水质参数采样分析的基础上,结合Delft3D水动力模型结果,针对鄱阳湖湖区建立了8个水文地貌分区,分析了丰水期总悬浮泥沙(TSS),总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)与叶绿素a(Chla)浓度的空间分布特征,研究了各分区下的水质因子之间的关系.结果表明,鄱阳湖丰水期平均TSS浓度为33.65mg/L,远高于2003年以前10mg/L的平均浓度水平;平均氮、磷营养盐浓度分别为1.61mg/L及0.075mg/L,已达到并远远高于富营养化发生条件,而平均Chla浓度为5.99μg/L,并未达到富营养化湖泊水体临界值.Chla与其他各水质因子无显著相关性,而高泥沙浓度区域的TP与TSS呈现显著相关性.在不同鄱阳湖水文地貌分区下,高强度湖泊采砂活动的北部高流速水域TSS浓度高于河口三角洲水域3倍;TN,TP营养盐浓度表现为流域面源污染负荷大的赣江,饶河河口三角洲水域≥高强度湖泊采砂活动的北部高流速水域>流域污染负荷较小的修水河口三角洲水域及中部湖心水域.Chla则受营养盐浓度水平与水动力因素共同作用而表现为河流交换速度慢且高营养盐浓度水域>水流交换速度快且高营养盐浓度水域>水流交换速度慢且低营养盐浓度水域,其中饶河信江潼津河河口三角洲水域Chla浓度最高,平均水平达到12.53μg/L,超过了富营养化水体的临界值.     

鄱阳湖入湖河流氮磷水质控制限值研究

鄱阳湖近年氮磷营养物浓度逐步升高,入湖河流是鄱阳湖氮磷输入的重要途径.采用BATHTUB模型建立了鄱阳湖入湖河流与湖区ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）的响应关系,模拟了入湖河流执行GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中不同氮磷标准限值对湖区水质的影响,发现当入湖河流ρ（TP）执行河流Ⅲ类标准限值或超过Ⅲ类标准限值时,对应湖区ρ（TP）超标;入湖河流执行Ⅲ类及以上湖泊水质标准限值时,湖区水质可以达到Ⅲ类保护目标,但对入湖河流存在一定的过保护现象.因此,以满足现行湖泊水质达标为情景,以湖泊ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）各类别标准限值为目标,试算了入湖河流氮磷控制限值,提出了鄱阳湖入湖河流的氮磷控制限值建议方案,其中鄱阳湖湖体水质目标为Ⅲ类时,入湖河流ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）控制限值分别为0.075和1.20 mg/L,此时入湖河流氮磷控制限值方案既能保证湖泊水质达标,又不会造成对河流的水质控制过于严格.研究显示,基于湖泊水环境质量达标情况试算的入湖河流氮磷所需控制限值,建议可作为解决入湖氮磷污染控制问题的参考.      

Sediment pollution characteristics and in situ control in a deep drinking water reservoir

Sediment pollution characteristics, in situ sediment release potential, and in situ inhibition of sediment release were investigated in a drinking water reservoir. Results showed that organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in sediments increased from the reservoir mouth to the main reservoir. Fraction analysis indicated that nitrogen in ion exchangeable form and NaOH-extractable P (Fe/Al-P) accounted for 43% and 26% of TN and TP in sediments of the main reservoir. The Risk Assessment Code for metal elements showed that Fe and Mn posed high to very high risk. The results of the in situ reactor experiment in the main reservoir showed the same trends as those observed in the natural state of the reservoir in 2011 and 2012; the maximum concentrations of total OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn reached 4.42 mg/L, 3.33 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, 2.56 mg/L, and 0.61 mg/L, respectively. An in situ sediment release inhibition technology, the water-lifting aerator, was utilized in the reservoir. The results of operating the water-lifting aerator indicated that sediment release was successfully inhibited and that OC, TN, TP, Fe, and Mn in surface sediment could be reduced by 13.25%, 15.23%, 14.10%, 5.32%, and 3.94%, respectively.     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制——以滇池大型围隔试验为例

为探究湖泊水体生态修复工程中草型清水态维持与长效运行的营养盐响应机制,利用滇池草海建立的大型原位试验围隔,采用非参数突变点分析法（nCPA）及临界指示物种分析法（TITAN）,探究了叶绿素a、浊度、透明度和浮游植物的营养盐阈值.结果表明,草型清水态维持与长效运行较为成功的围隔,其藻类的叶绿素a含量虽然明显较低,但在夏季时蓝藻门仍占绝对优势.原位生态围隔叶绿素a响应TN的阈值为1.423mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.水体透明度响应TN的阈值为1.684mg/L,响应TP的阈值为0.103mg/L.各围隔总磷含量的平均值均大于或等于0.226mg/L,B1、B3、B8围隔后期处于清水态,其TN平均值都低于或等于1.42mg/L,B5、A1、A2、A3、A4围隔后期处于浊水态,其TN平均值都高于或等于1.78mg/L.这表明在滇池水华重灾区实施水体生态修复工程时,应首要考虑TN的影响,在TP含量严重超出阈值的情况下,如果TN处于一个较低水平,也能维持湖泊水体草型清水态的长效运行,并实现湖泊水体由藻型浊水态向草型清水态的转换.     

Towards real-time detection of wastewater in surface waters using fluorescence spectroscopy

The presence of municipal wastewater at the intake of a major drinking water treatment facility located on Lake Ontario was examined using fluorescence data collected during a period of continuous monitoring. In addition, controlled mixing of lake water and wastewater sampled from a local treatment facility were conducted using a bench-scale fluorescence system to quantify observed changes in natural organic matter. Multivariate linear regression was applied to components derived from parallel factors analysis. The resulting mean absolute error for predicted wastewater level was 0.22% (V/V, wastewater/lake water), indicating that wastewater detection at below 1.0% (V/V) was possible. Analyses of sucralose, a wastewater indicator, were conducted for treated wastewater as well as surface water collected at two intake locations on Lake Ontario. Results suggested minimal wastewater contribution at the drinking water intake. A wastewater detection model using a moving baseline was developed and applied to continuous fluorescence data collected at one of the drinking water intakes, which agreed well with sucralose results. Furthermore, the simulated addition of 1.0% (V/V) of wastewater/wastewater was detectable in 89% of samples analyzed, demonstrating the utility of fluorescence-based wastewater monitoring.     

洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征

为揭示通江湖泊洞庭湖水体、沉积物营养盐的时空分布特征,分别于2012年1月和6月在入湖河道、湖区和出湖口共采集了13个具有代表性的水样和沉积物样品,分析了样品中氮、磷的含量及洞庭湖的营养水平. 结果表明,洞庭湖水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)、ρ(NH₄+-N)和ρ(NO₃--N)全湖平均值分别为2.34、0.06、0.27和0.54mg/L,沉积物中w(TN)、w(TP)、w(NH₄+-N)、w(NO₃--N)全湖平均值分别为1220.47、678.97、28.94、4.41mg/kg. 氮、磷含量总体表现为入湖河口大于湖体和出湖口,并且入湖河流中以湘江支流较高,湖体以东洞庭湖区较高. 不同季节间的对比表明,水和沉积物样品中氮、磷含量均表现为6月高于1月,尤其水体中ρ(TN),6月显著高于1月(P<0.01). 洞庭湖全湖TLI(∑)(综合营养状态指数)平均值为45.93,分布规律与ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)一致. 与其他富营养化湖泊相比,洞庭湖ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)较高,但没有发生大面积水华,主要是因为其换水周期短、流速较大所致.      

巢湖近代沉积物及其间隙水中营养物的分布特征

湖泊沉积物及其间隙水中的营养盐对于研究湖泊营养盐的生物地球化学和湖泊营养状态的历史变化具有重要的作用.系统研究了巢湖东、西湖区沉积物和间隙水中营养盐的剖面分布特征及其营养盐之间的相互关系.结果表明,巢湖近代沉积物中营养盐含量总体上随着深度的增加而降低,上层沉积物(1～15cm)中TOC(总有机碳)、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)和Pi(无机磷)的含量都表现出明显的区域差异性,从西到东逐渐减小,含量的大小顺序为C1C3C16;东、西湖区下层沉积物(15～30cm)中TOC、TN和TP的含量差异不明显,分别在5mg.g-1、0.5mg.g-1和0.45mg.g-1左右变化;Po(总有机磷)在整个剖面上的分布则相反,总体上从西向东逐渐增大,含量大小顺序为C16C3C1.沉积物间隙水中的营养盐在空间上的分布规律与沉积物相似,西湖区两个点(C1、C3)沉积物间隙水中的营养物浓度总体上高于东湖区的C16点,大小顺序为C1C3C16,间隙水中的氮、磷酸盐、硅酸盐处于协同变化.间隙水中的氮与沉积物总氮含量密切相关;西湖区间隙水中的磷与沉积物磷含量密切相关,但在东湖区相关性不显著.表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐浓度都明显高于上覆水体,表明沉积物中的营养盐是水体营养盐的主要来源之一.     

Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

饮用水水源保护区河流水环境容量计算模型

基于河流一维水环境容量计算模型,通过水质控制目标分析,引入了饮用水供水水库的水环境容量决定其保护区内河流水质控制目标的概念,提出以水库的水环境容量为其上游保护区内河流段末的水质控制目标,解决了由于河流与湖库的总磷水质标准不一致、水质标准中没有河流总氮指标以及水环境容量计算中河流与湖库水文设计条件不同步等,导致水源保护区内河流的水质控制目标确定困难的问题,建立了针对饮用水水源保护区内河流水环境容量的计算模型和方法,本模型直接表达了饮用水供水水库与其上游河流水环境容量之间的定最关系,体现了2个水域间的连续性和相互作用关系,为实现饮用水供水水库及其上游河流的污染物总量控制提供了可靠的科学依据,应用本模型,计算了正在建设中的老虎潭水库保护区内河流的水环境容量.结果表明,根据老虎潭水库水环境存量,保护区内河流的总氮水环境容量为65.05 t·a-1,现状总氮年入河量应削减33.86 t;总磷水环境容量为5.05 t·a-1,现状条件下尚有2.23 t·a-的剩余水环境容量,文中所提出的建模方法可以推广至水质控制目标不同情况下的连续水域,尤其适用于下游水域水质控制要求高于上游水域的情况,拓展了水环境容量的研究思路和方法.     

上海淀山湖水环境容量评估

淀山湖是上海市重要的饮用水源保护区和生态涵养区.近10年来水质富营养化程度急剧增加,藻类水华频发,对上海饮用水源地水质安全构成了巨大威胁.为水污染控制和水质改善提供科学依据,利用已有评估模型评估了不同水质目标情景下淀山湖对COD、TN 和TP的最大容量,结果表明,在保持现状水质条件下,COD、TN和TP的环境容量分别为47213,8337.7,476.3t/a;水质控制目标为II类时,其环境容量分别为46325,1191.1,59.5t/a;水质目标为III类时,环境容量分别为68547,2382.2,119.1t/a.为IV类水质目标时,TN、TP的环境容量分别为3573.3,238.2t/a.     

呼伦湖水体磷的时空演变及其影响因素

呼伦湖是我国北方第一大湖泊,其水环境质量对区域生态环境调节具有重要影响.针对近年来呼伦湖水体的ρ（TP）超标问题,分别于春、夏、秋、冬四季采集呼伦湖水体样品,结合入湖河流断面多年月均数据对呼伦湖水体ρ（TP）的时空分布、赋存特征、污染来源和影响因素进行分析.结果表明:①秋季、冬季、春季和夏季呼伦湖水体ρ（TP）分别为0.145~0.301、0.090~0.360、0.104~0.434和0.049~0.219 mg/L,总体处于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》V类水质标准;呼伦湖水体ρ（TP）空间分布上季节性差异显著,冬季呈现湖周高于湖心的特征,秋季呈湖心高于湖周的特征,春季和夏季克鲁伦河入湖河口处ρ（TP）均较高.②冬季与其他3个季节水体磷形态组成差异较大,冬季冰封期以DTP（溶解态磷）为主,ρ（DTP）占ρ（TP）的比例为76.2%,春季、夏季和秋季均以PP（颗粒态磷）为主,其占ρ（TP）的比例分别为55.1%、64.1%和58.9%.③呼伦湖3条入湖河流ρ（TP）表现为克鲁伦河>呼伦沟河>乌尔逊河的特征.研究显示,呼伦湖水体ρ（TP）的主要影响因素为水量变化、冰封、入湖河流输入和底泥再悬浮.      

绿潮硬毛藻分解对天鹅湖水体氮磷水平的影响

为了解绿潮硬毛藻衰亡分解对上覆水体营养水平的影响,以荣成天鹅湖不同湖区的沉积物和暴发的硬毛藻为试材,通过室内模拟研究了藻类分解过程中水体氮磷水平及理化性质的变化,并评价了不同湖区沉积物中氮磷的释放潜力.结果表明:硬毛藻衰亡分解使上覆水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)均明显上升,并且前期(0~16 d)上升较快,ρ(TN)和ρ(NH₄+-N)最高分别可达12.40和7.98 mg/L;水体中ρ(TP)和ρ(SRP)表现为前期变化不大,19 d后大幅增加,含量变幅分别为0.02~1.14和0.01~0.40 mg/L.在试验中后期(约16 d后),不同湖区沉积物处理的水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(SRP)均表现为有沉积物含藻处理>无沉积物含藻处理>有沉积物无藻处理.在藻分解的条件下,不同湖区沉积物的氮磷释放能力存在很大差异,氮释放量的顺序为湖中心>西北部>南部,而磷表现为西北部>湖中心>南部.在硬毛藻绿潮的衰亡阶段,由于初期藻体营养盐的直接释放和后期促进沉积物内源释放的间接影响,水体中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)均明显增加,进而加重了天鹅湖水体的富营养化水平.      

新疆于田县优质富锂富锶天然饮用矿泉水及其开发前景

为了调查新疆于田县的水质和水资源特色,2010 年和2012 年在新疆于田县及于田县邻区采集水样,并对其元素含量进行分析测定。结果在新疆于田县新发现一个优质天然富锂富锶饮用矿泉水水源,水化学类型为Na·Mg-HCO₃·Cl,锂含量1 765.5 μg/L,锶含量1.1 mg/L,分别为国家饮用矿泉水锂（Li≥200 μg/L）和锶（Sr≥0.2 mg/L）最低界限指标的8.8 倍和5.5 倍。于田县城饮用矿泉水含水层厚度大,岩性为卵砾石,透水性好,水量较丰富。于田县优质矿泉水与国内外主要矿泉水相比,具有富锂、富锶等有益元素,且富锂矿泉水是中国稀缺的矿泉水资源,因此具有广阔的市场前景。     

Response of community composition and biomass of submerged macrophytes to variation in underwater light, wind and trophic status in a large eutrophic shallow lake

Light climate is of key importance for the growth, community composition of submerged macrophytes in lakes and, they, in turn, are affected by lake depth and the degree of eutrophication. To test the relationships between submerged macrophyte presence and the ratio of Secchi disk depth (SDD) to water depth, i.e. SDD/depth, nutrients and wind, we conducted an extensive sampling campaign in a macrophyte-dominated area of the eastern region (n = 36) in 2016 in Lake Taihu, China, and combined the data gathered with results from extensive physico-chemical monitoring data from the entire lake. We confirmed that SDD/Depth is the primary factor controlling the community composition of macrophytes and showed that plant abundance increased with increasing SDD/Depth ratio (p < 0.01), but that only SDD/Depth > 0.4 ensured growth of submerged macrophytes. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen also influenced the growth and community composition of macrophytes (p < 0.01), while Chla was an indirectly affecting factor by reducing underwater light penetration. Wave height significantly influenced plant abundance (p < 0.01), whereas it had little effect on the biomass (p > 0.05). The key to restore the macrophyte beds in the lake is to reduce the nutrient loading. A decrease of the water level may contribute as well in the shallow bays but will not bring plants back in the main part of the lake. As the tolerance of shade and nutrients varied among the species studied, this should be taken into account in the restoration of lakes by addition of plants.