N2H4抑制好氧氨氧化及亚硝酸盐氧化动力学类型

采用间歇实验研究联氨(N2H4)对好氧氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化的抑制类型。结果表明,N2H4对好氧氨氧化及对亚硝酸盐氧化抑制类型分别为竞争性和非竞争性抑制。N2H4对亚硝酸盐氧化的抑制大于其对好氧氨氧化的抑制。在较低氨氮(NH+4-N)浓度时,N2H4对于好氧氨氧化的抑制作用随N2H4浓度增加而增强;但在较高NH+4-N浓度时,NH+4-N基质能抵消N2H4对氨氧化的部分抑制作用。N2H4对于亚硝酸盐氧化的抑制作用随N2H4浓度增加而不断增强。     

晚期垃圾渗滤液的部分亚硝化

利用实验室小试SBR在(33±1)℃的条件下,通过动态调控溶氧浓度(DO)(2～7 mg/L)和水力停留时间(2～5 d),经过130 d的运行成功启动了晚期垃圾渗滤液(NH4+-N含量1 227～2 133 mg/L)的部分亚硝化,使出水NO2--N∶NH4+-N稳定维持在1∶1左右,为后续的厌氧氨氧化工艺创造了进水条件。利用实时荧光定量PCR研究启动过程中的特异微生物氨氧化细菌的含量变化表明,氨氧化细菌的含量与NO2--N的生成速率和出水NO2--N稳定性有着显著相关性。     

磺胺嘧啶对纯膜MBBR氨氧化性能及氨氧化菌群的影响

通过向NH4+-N质量浓度为30 mg·L-1的合成废水中投加不同剂量磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)(0、1、3、5、7和10mg·L-1),比较了SDZ浓度对一台60 L单级纯膜移动床生物膜反应器(pure MBBR)的氨氧化速率、amoA基因丰度和氨氧化细菌(AOB)种群结构的影响,揭示了磺胺嘧啶对纯膜MBBR系统中氨氧化作用...     

固定化氨氧化细菌短程硝化特性研究

以高分子聚合物为载体,采用固定化细胞增殖技术固定氨氧化细菌,研究温度、pH、碱度和溶解氧等因素对短程硝化过程的影响.实验结果表明,最适宜的温度、pH分别是30℃和8.5;当碱度/NH4 -N(质量比)=6.75时,亚硝化率为87.5%;溶解氧浓度影响氨氧化速率,但对亚硝化率影响不大,溶解氧的适宜质量浓度为403 mg/L.     

完全自营养脱氮过程中的影响因素

基于正交实验考察了溶解氧（DO）、初始NH4＋-N浓度、pH对SBR自营养脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,DO和NH4＋-N浓度对好氧氨氧化速率影响大,pH对好氧氨氧化速率的影响小;DO、NH4＋-N浓度对亚硝酸氧化速率的影响较大,pH对亚硝酸氧化速率的影响较小;DO、NH4＋-N浓度和pH对厌氧氨氧化菌（ANAOB）的活性影响较小。好氧氨氧化菌（AOB）直接影响到CANON系统的总氮去除能力,是CANON系统的控制反应,DO是关键控制因子。实验确定的CANON系统优化运行条件为,DO（0．3±0．05）mg／L、初始NH4＋-N浓度150mg／L和pH7．4。     

基于SIMULINK的硝化反应动力学模型的仿真

利用MATLAB/SIMULINK对序批式生物膜反应器内的氨氧化细菌与亚硝酸盐氧化菌的生化反应进行仿真预测。模型的验证结果表明,适当的选择模型中的溶解氧浓度、碱度以及温度3种参数,SIMULINK仿真动力学模型能够比较准确地对氨氧化细菌与亚硝酸氧化细菌处理生活污水的过程进行仿真和预测.NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N 3种基质仿真值的绝对平均误差最大为15.88,最小为1.13;NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N的Nash.Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为99.36%、98.64%和99.25%;此外,还对SIMULINK仿真动力学模型中的溶解氧浓度、碱度以及温度进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明,温度的灵敏度最大、溶解氧次之、碱度灵敏度相对最小。     

城市生活污水短程硝化系统的恢复与启动

为了实现主流的短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化,设计了基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统,搭建了中试级别的短程硝化SBR,在高DO条件下基于城市生活污水恢复种泥活性后,加入反硝化稳定短程,最后接入厌氧氨氧化滤池实现全过程自养脱氮。将脱氮率、NO-2-N积累率等作为考察指标,研究了系统的启动过程和稳定性。结果表明:控制SBR(sequencing batch reactor)中DO=2~2.5 mg·L~(-1)、HRT=8~10 h、SRT=4~5 d、T=25℃,启动恢复3个月后,系统能保持90%以上的NO-2-N积累率、NO-2-N/NH+4-N=0.96±0.18;短程硝化反硝化能达到50%左右的NH+4-N去除率,60%左右的TIN去除率;短程硝化接厌氧氧氨氧化能保证90%左右的NH+4-N去除率和TIN去除率,出水达一级A标准。由实验结果分析,系统在高DO条件下能恢复短程硝化污泥的活性,基于pH-DO和阀ON-OFF间歇曝气的在线控制系统稳定性高,能保证短程硝化系统的稳定运行;恢复活性后,后接厌氧氨氧化滤池能实现中试级别的全过程自养脱氮。     

DO在厌氧序批式生物膜反应器中对厌氧氨氧化反应启动的影响

考察了DO在厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR)中对厌氧氨氧化反应启动过程的影响.结果表明,当进水采用高纯氮气进行除DO处理后进入ASBBR时,ASBBR很快以厌氧氨氧化反应为主,运行13 d后,NO-3-N生成量、NO-2-N去除量、NH+4-N去除量比开始围绕0.25∶1.30∶1.00上下小幅波动,运行100 d后的总氮容积去除负荷为1.560 kg/(m3·d);当进水不除DO处理进入ASBBR时,从运行的第57天开始,ASBBR内才表现出明显的厌氧氨氧化反应特性,运行到第73天时,NO-3-N生成量、NO-2-N去除量、NH+4-N去除量比开始围绕0.21∶1.20∶1.00上下小幅波动,运行的93～100 d,总氮容积去除负荷稳定在较高水平,最高可达1.090 kg/(m3·d);进水不除DO处理时,会使厌氧氨氧化反应启动迟缓;无纺布作为生物载体,具有较强的抗水力负荷和基质(NH+4-N、NO-2-N)负荷能力.     

微量NO2对氨氧化过程中产物的影响

在无O2条件下,氨氧化速率越高,氨氧化过程中产生的NO-2-N、NO-3-N浓度和氮损失越大;NO2为25×10-6 mg/L时氮损失率最大,约为20.93%.在相同浓度的O2条件下,氮损失与氨氧化速率相关,氨氧化速率增加时,氮损失增大.在O2的体积分数为2%时,50×10-6 mg/L NO2时的氮损失率最大,为27.57%;在O2的体积分数为21%时,100×10-6 mg/L NO2时的氮损失率最大,为34.19%.     

硅藻土固定化颗粒污泥对海水养殖废水除氨性能

针对实际海水养殖废水低碳高氮的特点,采用间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)和好氧活性污泥添加硅藻土载体的方式,考察硅藻土载体和活性污泥共同作用下的好氧曝气系统对海水养殖废水中氨态氮(NH+4-N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO-2-N)和化学耗氧量(COD)的去除效果,以及对污泥沉降性能和硝化细菌特征的影响。实验结果表明,常温条件下,溶解氧(DO)≥4.5mg/L,p H控制在7.0~8.0,HRT为11 h,沉降时间10 min,反应器可以处理NH+4-N浓度在50 mg/L左右的海水养殖废水,NH+4-N和COD去除率分别达到98.93%左右和76.62%以上,NO-2-N出水浓度低于0.028 mg/L。载体污泥颗粒照片和扫描电镜结果表明,添加硅藻土载体内核后,颗粒污泥的成熟期缩短,颗粒的稳固度和沉降性能提高。在系统启动成功稳定运行后,通过FISH分析表明,在氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)成为优势菌群后,AOB大约占总菌群的33.5%,并且AOB与NOB菌群数量约为1∶1.33,AOB和NOB两大类菌群之和约占总菌群的77.2%,成为系统中优势菌群。     

Determination of growth rate and yield of nitrifying bacteria by measuring carbon dioxide uptake rate.

Nitrifier growth parameters--the maximum growth rate (microAmax) and yield (YA)--were estimated by measuring the rate of carbon dioxide uptake and additional rates of oxygen uptake and ammonia (or nitrite) use. Batch tests in a combined titrimetric and offgas analyzer with enriched Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas cultures and an activated sludge sample were performed. The measured microAmax values for the Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas cultures were 0.67 +/- 0.03 day(-1) and 0.54 +/- 0.09 day(-1), while the YA values were 0.072 +/- 0.01 g volatile suspended solids (VSS) x g nitrogen (N)(-1) and 0.14 +/- 0.02 gVSS x gN(-1), respectively. For the activated sludge sample, microAmax was observed to increase with pH (microAmax = 0.72 x 3.3(pH-7.1)) over the range 6.8 to 7.1. All microAmax and YA values determined by this method were similar to those previously reported. Compared with other microAmax and YA estimation methods, this method allows for unique microAmax and YA estimations for given conditions from a single experiment.     

Improving nitrogen removal in two modified decentralized wastewater systems

Efficient nutrient removal in decentralized wastewater treatment systems is a challenging task. To improve the removal of organic matter and nitrogen from wastewater, two types of bioreactors using membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) and microbial fuel cell (MFC) techniques were evaluated. During more than 250 days of continuous-flow reactor operation, both reactors showed consistently high chemical oxygen demand removal (>86%). At an influent ammonium-nitrogen (NH4(+)-N) concentration of 30 mg N/L, the average effluent NH4(+)-N concentrations were 6.2 and 0.5 mg N/L for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively, while the effluent nitrate-nitrogen (NO3(-)-N) concentrations were 5.4 mg/ L in the MABR and 19.2 mg/L in the MFC-based reactor. The overall total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiencies were 64% and 36% for the MABR and MFC reactor, respectively. At the measured dissolved oxygen concentrations of 5.2 and 0.23 mg/L in the aerobic/anoxic zone of the MFC and MABR, respectively, a specific oxygen uptake rate of 0.1 g O2/g VSS-d, resulting from ammonia oxidation, was detected in the settled sludge of the MFC, while no nitrifying activity of the sludge from the MABR was detected. Molecular microbial analysis demonstrated a link between the bacterial community structure and nitrifying activity. The relatively high abundance of Nitrosomonas europaea was associated with its detectable nitrification activity in the settled sludge of the MFC. The results suggest that MABR and MFC techniques have the potential to improve organic and nitrogen removal in decentralized wastewater systems.     

An analysis of nitrification during the aerobic digestion of secondary sludges

Investigations were undertaken to study the occurrence and progress of nitrification during aerobic digestion of activated sludge in a wide range of initial concentrations of total solids (1000 to 80 000 mg litre(-1), initial pH range of 4.5 to 10.4 and digestion temperature range of 5 degrees to 60 degrees C. Batch aerobic digestion studies on activated sludge grown on wastewater (enriched with organic solids from human excretal material) indicate that almost complete elimination of the 'biodegradable' matter of the activated sludge was one of the essential prerequisites to initiate nitrification. Favourable ranges of temperature and pH for nitrification were observed to be 25 degrees to 30 degrees C and 6.0 to 8.3, respectively. With all favourable conditions, a minimum period of about 2 days was necessary for population build-up of genera Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, and to initiate nitrification. Nitrate formation invariably lagged behind nitrite formation, but under certain conditions both phases of nitrification were observed to progress hand in hand.     

厌氧氨氧化菌接种污泥的选择培养过程研究

厌氧氨氧化菌的2种不同接种污泥培养实验表明,厌氧消化污泥和好氧硝化污泥均可成功启动厌氧氨氧化过程.接种厌氧消化污泥比好氧硝化污泥培养的厌氧氨氧化菌启动快,但后者去除效果较好.接种好氧硝化污泥的反应器的厌氧氨氧化速率随着氨氮基质进水浓度的增加呈线性增加.进水氨氮浓度为280 mg/L时的氨氮平均去除率达91%;而接种厌氧消化污泥的相应氨氮平均去除率仅为52%.厌氧氨氧化过程以接种好氧硝化污泥来启动为宜.     

错流式动态膜-生物反应器中污泥活性的研究

应用错流式动态膜-生物反应器(CDMBR)对己内酰胺废水进行了180 d的实验,实验过程中测定反应器的膜出水和上清液的水质,并对污泥进行了耗氧呼吸速率测定.结果表明,上清液COD一直保持在100mg/L以下,而膜出水的则保持在50 mg/L以下,膜对上清液的COD去除率达50%,而对氮的去除没有贡献.可溶性细胞产物(SMP)在反应器内容易积累,停留足够的时间后能被生物降解.通过投加抑制剂测定耗氧呼吸速率,发现异养菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的活性由于F/M的降低和SMP积累受到一定的抑制,但不影响系统的处理效率.跨膜压力、膜面流速越大,通量衰减得也就越快.     

Anammox enrichment from different conventional sludges

Three sets of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) were used for Anammox enrichment from conventional sludges including upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, activated sludge, and anaerobic digestion sludge. After four months of operation, the Anammox activity occurred in all reactors allowing continuous removal of ammonium and nitrite. The morphology of the cultivated Anammox sludge was observed using scanning electron microscope. The photographs showed that the obtained culture was mostly spherical in shape, presumably Anammox culture. There were also filamentous-like bacteria co-existing in the system. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using 16S rRNA targeting oligonucleotide probes PLA46 and Amx820 showed that the dominant population developed in all SBRs was hybridized with both PLA46 and Amx820 gene probes. It means that the cultivated biomass in all SBRs was classified in the group of Planctomycetales bacteria with respect to the anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria, Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Numerous time sequences were tested in this experiment. The shortest workable reaction time was found in the range from 5 to 7 h. Good quiescence of sludge was obtained at 30 min of settle period followed by a discharge period of 15 min. A long-term performance showed a near perfect removal of nitrite based on the influent NO2(-)-N concentration of 50-70 mg l(-1). The maximum ammonia removal efficiency was 80% with the influent NH4(+)-N concentration of 40-60 mg l(-1). It is, therefore, concluded that Anammox cultivation from conventional sludges was highly possible under control environment within four months.     

剩余污泥减量化工艺条件优化研究

运用超声处理连续流活性污泥系统中不同种类的污泥,并将其回流至原系统中,研究其剩余污泥减量化效果。按正交实验设计并进行试验,确定最优工艺条件。结果表明:当声能密度为0.6 W/mL,作用时间为5 min,超声污泥为混合污泥,回流比为7∶120时,减量效果最佳。且在该条件下经一周期的运行,污泥减量效果达到96.24%,COD由进水的830 mg/L降至44 mg/L,NH4+-N和TN分别由进水的62.43 mg/L和103.19 mg/L,降解到2.31 mg/L和6.52 mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级排放标准。     

摇动床生物膜反应器和活性污泥法组合技术处理高浓度有机废水的研究

利用摇动床生物膜反应器(简称摇动床)技术具有的容积负荷高与污泥产量低的优点,在普通活性污泥池的前部填充高性能丙烯酸树脂纤维(Biofringe)填料,研究了摇动床和活性污泥法组合技术处理高浓度有机废水的有效性。结果表明,该组合技术具有很强的有机物去除能力,当进水COD平均质量浓度由1500mg/L上升到2514mg/L时,出水COD的平均去除率基本保持在96%以上;整个运行阶段的出水COD浓度均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)的二级标准;当进水NH4+-N浓度增加时,NH4+-N的去除率由99.7%降低到76.5%,但是在试验运行的整个阶段,摇动床和活性污泥法组合技术系统都表现出较强的硝化能力;活性污泥池中最高的混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)质量浓度为10625mg/L,最高MLSS约为普通活性污泥法的4倍;运行结束后的污泥产率为0.186,污泥产率仅为普通活性污泥法的50%左右。     

废水中KMnO4对生物处理效果的影响

为减轻和消除含高浓度KMnO4的牛仔服加工废水对生物处理系统的毒害作用,采用模拟序批式活性污泥法,研究KMnO4对活性污泥微生物生长的影响及COD和NH4+-N的降解规律。结果表明,当处理进水COD浓度500 mg/L,NH4+-N浓度23.5 mg/L,污泥浓度为2 000 mg/L时,曝气时间为4 h,KMnO4质量浓度增加对COD和NH4+-N的降解影响很大;同样条件下曝气时间改为8 h,对NH4+-N的降解影响显著减小,但对COD的降解影响减少不多;并且,高浓度KMnO4对NH4+-N去除效果的抑制作用比对COD的大。因此,处理含高浓度KMnO4的废水需要延长一倍曝气时间,可以获得良好的COD和NH4+-N的降解效果。同时,KMnO4对活性污泥的抑制影响较好地吻合非竞争性抑制机理修正莫若特方程的规律。     

低温条件下硝化污泥的驯化

为了在低温13～14％下取得较好的硝化效果,分3个温度阶段25℃,16～17℃,13—14℃对活性污泥进行了驯化培养,研究了进水氨氮浓度和混合液COD对硝化污泥的影响。实验结果表明,硝化污泥经过驯化培养后,氨氮去除率可达80％以上,且在DO浓度为2ing／L,pH为6．7～7．5,进水氨氮为300mg／L,混合液COD为80mg／L条件下,硝化污泥能取得较快的增长,氨氮平均去除率可达89％。