应用淡水生物毒性数据推导海水水质基准的可行性及适用性初探

在海洋环境风险评价及环境标准与基准的制定中,由于海水生物毒性数据的欠缺,通常引入淡水数据加以补充,以此推导海水的预测无效应浓度(PNEC),但该方法所推导PNEC的"失真"程度目前尚未完全清晰。本研究选取了Pb、Cd、马拉硫磷和狄氏剂四种典型化合物,应用SSD模型方法比较分析了分别基于淡水生物和海水生物以及二者一并使用推导的PNEC值之间的差异性和相关性。结果发现:淡水生物与海水生物对各化合物响应的敏感性具有一定的差异。对于重金属,淡水物种可能对其胁迫更具敏感性,将淡水数据与海水数据一并使用所获得PNEC可有效的保护海洋生物;对于有机磷和有机氯农药,海水生物通常更具敏感性,淡水数据的介入和应用可能会对部分海洋生物造成部分"欠保护"现象,但总体上,淡水HC5与海水HC5二者相差不大,可通过适当的安全因子加以校正。     

Heavy metal accumulation characteristics and physiological response of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis to atmospheric pollution

Heavy metal(Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, and Cd) concentrations were measured in the leaves of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis collected from urban, suburban, and rural sites in Tianjin, China. Photosynthetic pigment contents, reactive oxygen species content, malondialdehyde(MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated, providing physiological response parameters. Our comparison of the sites revealed that urbanization significantly influenced the heavy metal concentrations in bo...     

Diversity trends in Neogene European ungulates and rodents: large-scale comparisons and perspectives

The ungulate and rodent fossil records are often used independently to understand mammalian evolutionary history. Few studies have directly compared both records over long time periods and large geographic areas. Here, we compiled two datasets of European fossil localities containing rodents and/or ungulates over 20 My (Early Miocene–Early Pliocene) and processed the data with the same methodology. We counted the raw diversity and calculated a measure of evenness (Pielou’s index). After controlling for potential biases on diversity estimators, we identify the evenness index as a more reliable estimator bringing interesting insights into the way both mammal groups are structured by biotic or abiotic factors. In this study, we consider that an uneven distribution of the species richness among families, when only some families successfully diversify within the “continental-scale community”, represents a lower adaptability of this community to the environmental context. Pielou’s index is used to estimate this adaptability through time. The responses of ungulates and rodents to environmental changes are very divergent, especially facing the climatic changes known since the Middle Miocene. The general patterns suggest that rodent broad-scale assemblages are affected by all kinds of perturbations, even short biotic and abiotic events, but show a better adaptability when facing long-term abiotic changes. Unlike rodents, the ungulate assemblages show more stability in periods of relative environmental stability but show less adaptability to long-term climatic changes. Life-history traits of mammals can help explain patterns of diversity and biogeography at different spatial scales and may probably partly explain the opposite patterns evidenced here.     

浙江汤浦水库浮游植物季节演替及其影响因子分析

为探索我国亚热带饮用水源水库浮游植物时空变化特征及其影响因素,2011年对汤浦水库浮游植物和22项水文水环境因子进行月度监测.结果表明,调查期间共检出浮游植物7门62属115种,其中绿藻种类最多,硅藻其次;春季水华期间(4月)浮游植物细胞密度达到最高20.88×10~6cells·L~(-1),随后因强降雨影响降至最低0.59×10~6cells·L~(-1)(6月);浮游植物群落组成的时间异质性比空间异质性更为明显,其时空方差分解的结果显示,时间变异占总变异的72.3%,大于仅占2.5%的空间变异;优势种和冗余分析(RDA)表明,硅藻全年优势最为明显,其次是蓝藻和隐藻,再次是绿藻,其中春季由硅藻和蓝藻占优势,夏季由蓝藻和绿藻占优势,秋季和冬季则由硅藻和隐藻占优势;HRT及其驱动的水库离子浓度变化和反硝化过程是主导春季和秋季水体扰动耐受和敏感种类间演变,以及春季水华形成的关键因子;SiO_2、WT和N∶P则是主导冬季和夏季,硅藻、隐藻和蓝藻、绿藻间演变的关键因子.     

系统动力学在空港区域规划环境影响评价中的应用

作为机场与城市间的过渡区,空港区域具有经济-社会-环境发展影响因素众多、变化快的特征.针对此,本文基于空港区域系统动力学模拟模型,结合类比法和情景分析法,用于空港区域不同发展方案的经济、社会、环境影响预测和评价.具体步骤包括:发展分析-影响识别-模型构建-零方案/规划方案模拟-替代方案设计-减缓措施,各步骤间动态反馈.对郑州航空港区进行案例研究,结果表明,相较于零方案,规划方案具有经济社会发展优、污染排放少的优点,但仍无法满足环境容量要求;设计了3种替代情景方案,据此提出产业结构优化、能源结构调整等减缓措施.     

巢湖东部沉积硅藻组合记录的水环境变化

对巢湖东部湖心31 cm深的沉积岩芯进行放射性核素定年和化石硅藻分析,根据硅藻属种组合的变化反演了近150 a来巢湖东部水环境变化历史. 结果表明,巢湖东部水环境变化经历了2个主要阶段:①1827—2000年以Aulacoseira granulata占优势,但1970年其含量(以数量所占比例计)出现一明显谷值(22.4%),同期附生和底栖类硅藻频繁出现,反映了水动力条件减弱后又增强的趋势;该阶段水生植被较为发育,水体维持中营养状态.②2000年至今,以A. granulata和耐营养属种(A. alpigena、Cyclostephanos dubius)为优势组合,附生和底栖类硅藻含量显著减少,表明生活污水的大量排放导致湖区急剧富营养化; Hill多样性指数在2000年后显著下降,表明在该阶段水生生态系统发生退化.      

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳研究厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物多样性

应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)方法对厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物的遗传多样性进行周年变化特征研究分析.结果表明,厦门西海域典型测站的超微型真核浮游生物群落具有丰富的多样性组成;厦门西海域超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构和主要类群组成季节性变化显著:不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落遗传结构的周年变化特征相似;不同典型测站之间的超微型真核浮游生物群落的类群组成也很相似,由绿藻、Stramenopiles、定鞭金藻、甲藻、未确定类群(unidentified groups)和其他类群组成.     

Limited acid deposition inferred from diatoms during the 20th century — A case study from lakes in the Tatra Mountains

Mountain lakes are usually sensitive to the effects of global and regional environmental changes. Since the second half of the 20th century, surface-water acidification has become a significant ecological problem, and many lakes in Europe and North America have anthropogenically acidified. Additionally, following reduction in emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds, recovery from acidification has been observed in many lakes. In this study, we used changes in diatom communities to reconstruct the pH histories based on changes recorded in nine Tatra lakes (Western Carpathians, Poland) since approximately 1850 AD. Overall, results indicate that acidic precipitation had little influence on lake-water pH in the Tatra Mountain lakes. Changes in diatom-inferred pH (DI-pH) generally were small and showed little evidence of acidification during the time of the highest air pollution (since the 1960s), and have shown little change since the reduction of acidic deposition since the 1990s. Lakes that showed some evidence of acidification included dystrophic lakes with low acid neutralizing capacity. However, as illustrated by the PCA trajectories of the diatom assemblages, the majority of the lakes currently contain diatom assemblages that are unlike the diatom floras that existed ca. 1850.     

Predicting recovery of a fish population after heavy metal impacts

Bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, in part of the Hyco Reservoir (North Carolina) were decimated by toxicological and developmental effects of selenium leached from coal ash settling ponds during 1970–1980. Bluegill are especially sensitive to elevated concentrations of the heavy metal, and near-complete recruitment failure of zero-year olds was observed. To predict the potential recovery after cessation of heavy metal contamination, a demographic model was created for the bluegill population based on data collected from ongoing biological monitoring at the lake. The model included density dependence and used Monte Carlo methods to analyze the effects of natural environmental variability. The life history of the species suggests that once selenium poisoning stopped, the population could recover to pre-impact abundances within 2 years, although the increased abundance would be unevenly distributed among age groups. However, following this increase in abundance, we predicted a population crash due to the time-delayed effects of selenium on the population resulting from the strong nonlinearity of density dependence in this species. The sharp increase in population size itself precipitates the crash which, if not forecast in advance, could cause considerable concern among managers, regulators and the interested public. This example shows that it can be important to predict ecological consequences to understand the nature and duration of biological recovery of toxicological insults. Without the understanding provided by the ecological analysis, the population decline would probably be completely misinterpreted as the failure of the mitigation program.     

高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构与多样性格局

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落谱系结构及物种多样性在海拔梯度上的变化,以甘南藏族自治州的高寒草甸植物群落为对象,选取五个不同海拔的研究样地,进行野外群落学调查及环境因子的测量,计算净亲缘指数（net relatedness index,NRI）和最近亲缘指数（nearest taxon index,NTI）等,探讨了群落谱系结构与谱系多样性的海拔格局变化.结果表明：随海拔升高,土壤温度、含水量、土壤全氮及有机碳均呈现降低趋势.植物群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数及谱系α多样性随海拔升高均呈现单峰变化规律,即在海拔3500m处植物群落α多样性达到最大;谱系β多样性指数betaMPD随海拔增加呈升高趋势,反映物种聚集受到生境过滤的显著影响.低海拔（3000m）群落谱系发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）,竞争排斥起到主要作用;中低海拔（3250m）和中海拔（3500m）处同时存在聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）和发散（NRI<0,NTI<0）两种谱系结构,生境过滤和竞争排斥共同维持群落物种多样性;高海拔（3750m、4000m）群落谱系结构聚集（NRI>0,NTI>0）,其驱动因素与物种趋同进化和生境过滤有关.多元回归分析显示,在不同海拔,土温和土壤含水量成为物种共存的主要影响因素.本研究揭示青藏高原高寒草甸海拔梯度植物群落谱系结构及多样性格局的变化,说明生态位过程是维持其群落多样性的重要机制.     

Biodiversity of the ground-dwelling spider fauna of afforestation habitats

The aim of this study was to assess spider diversity among habitats that are typically used for afforestation in Ireland, and to identify habitat parameters which could potentially be used as indicators of their biodiversity value. Ground-dwelling spiders were surveyed in 24 sites across Ireland, with eight sites of each of the following habitat types: improved grassland, wet grassland and peatland. The spiders were sampled using pitfall traps which were located within the major vegetation types present in each site as well as within supplementary habitat features which may add to biodiversity value of the whole site such as hedgerows, flushes and the edges of ditches and streams.Each habitat supported distinct spider assemblages that reflect major differences in both environmental conditions and management regime. The improved grasslands had low spider species richness and low variation in assemblage structure which is probably related to the intensive management of this habitat. In this case hedgerows maybe an important aspect of the spider diversity within agricultural landscapes. The peatlands, and to a lesser extent wet grasslands, supported a diverse and specialist spider fauna, including a number of rare species; this may be due to differences in soil moisture and plant architecture. Indicators of biodiversity value identified included wet flushes in the peatlands and low grazing pressure in the wet grasslands. This study suggests that in terms of biodiversity value improved grassland is the preferable habitat for afforestation, because of the poor baseline spider diversity. However, it may be unrealistic to expect land owners to afforest their most productive agricultural land, so the management and habitat indicators identified in this study may be of use for assessing habitat quality among the wet grassland and peatlands to allow sites with lower biodiversity value to be identified.     

Reproducing or dispersing? Using trait based habitat templet models to analyse Orthoptera response to flooding and land use

Habitat templet theory predicts that habitat provides the templet on which evolution shapes species’ multiple traits and thus their characteristic life-history strategies. By analysing entire trait communities (multiple species and traits) in this framework we can enhance our understanding of how species composition changes as environmental constraints vary across the landscape. Here, we study multiple traits of floodplain Orthoptera communities under the influence of two different sources of disturbance, land use and seasonal flooding.The application of two recently developed statistical techniques - qualitative RLQ analysis and subsequent fourth-corner permutation tests - revealed two different life history strategies in Orthoptera as a response to ecological disturbances, resulting from land use management and seasonal flooding. Orthoptera species seem to have developed two complementary strategies: (i) the high active dispersal-low reproduction strategy in intensive land use situations and (ii) the high passive dispersal-high reproduction strategy in areas with high flood disturbance. Disturbance gradients act as trait filters allowing only particular trait combinations i.e. species with particular preadaptations to survive, whereas others go regionally extinct. Reproduction and dispersal capacity seem to be inversely associated with the disturbance gradients. Ovariole number, taken as the measure for reproduction, showed significant phylogenetic signal, which could potentially confound this relationship. Nonetheless, RLQ analyses coupled with fourth-corner permutation tests proved a powerful tool to reveal and disentangle different evolutionary strategies.     

Air quality and climate change: Designing new win-win policies for Europe

Anthropogenic activities are responsible for the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants that modify atmospheric composition. Such changes are, in turn, responsible for the degradation of air quality at the regional/local scale as well as for changes of climate. Air pollution and climate change are two intimately connected environmental issues. However, these two environmental challenges are still viewed as separate issues, which are dealt with by different science communities and within different policy frameworks. Indeed, many mitigation options offer the possibility to both improve air quality and mitigate climate change but, at the same time, mitigation options that may provide benefits to one aspect, are worsening the situation in the other. Therefore, coordinated actions taking into account the air quality-climate linkages are required. These actions need to be based on strong scientific grounds, as recognised by the European Commission that in the past few years has promoted consultation processes among the science community, the policy makers and the relevant stakeholders. Here, the main fields in which such coordinated actions are needed are examined from a policy perspective.     

Slum dwellers response to flooding events in the megacities of India

Megacities in developing countries are rapidly transforming places. Under the impetus of global change processes and consequent transformations at the environmental, social, cultural, political and economical scales; factors causing disasters and losses are changing every day. These changes are also altering society’s ability to respond to hazard events. This paper examines the response of slum dwellers who are the most vulnerable and marginal section of urban population and often located in places with high hazard risk with less or no means to reduce the impact of flood events. Marginal population groups in megacities suffer the negative consequences of large scale global change processes and do not benefit from the risk mitigation strategies adopted by city authorities. The paper therefore argues that people living in informal settlements instead have to employ a combination of structural means and complex networks of assistance to recover from floods. Based on the results deduced from data collected with the help of household surveys in the slums of Mumbai, the study demonstrates the types of coping strategies used by slum dwellers and the changing characteristics of these mechanisms under the influence of global change processes in megacities. Furthermore, results show that capacity to respond is not equally distributed among slum dwellers due to underlying socio cultural divisions and emerging economic and political constraints. The paper concludes that to address existing discrepancies in urban societies and within slum settlements, flood mitigation strategies will have to be (1) more inclusive of marginal population (2) sensitive to the limitations and scope of old and new social structures and (3) incorporate innovative networks of support to deal with the consequences of global change.     

Integrating agricultural and forestry GHG mitigation response into general economy frameworks: Developing a family of response functions

An econometrically estimated family ofresponse functions is developed forcharacterizing potential responses togreenhouse gas mitigation policies by theagriculture and forestry sectors in theU.S. The response functions are estimatedbased on results of anagricultural/forestry sector model. Theyprovide estimates of sequestration andemission reductions in forestry andagriculture along with levels of sectoralproduction, prices, welfare, andenvironmental attributes given a carbonprice, levels of demand for agriculturalgoods, and the energy price. Sixalternative mitigation policiesrepresenting types of greenhouse gasoffsets allowed are considered. Resultsindicate that the largest quantity ofgreenhouse gas offset consistently appearswith the mitigation policy that pays forall opportunities. Restricting carbonpayments (emission tax or sequestrationsubsidy) only to aff/deforestation or onlyto agricultural sequestration substantiallyreduces potential mitigation. Highercarbon prices lead to more sequestration,less emissions, reduced consumer and totalwelfare, improved environmental indicatorsand increased producer welfare.     

Juvenile morphology in baleen whale phylogeny

Phylogenetic reconstructions are sensitive to the influence of ontogeny on morphology. Here, we use foetal/neonatal specimens of known species of living baleen whales (Cetacea: Mysticeti) to show how juvenile morphology of extant species affects phylogenetic placement of the species. In one clade (sei whale, Balaenopteridae), the juvenile is distant from the usual phylogenetic position of adults, but in the other clade (pygmy right whale, Cetotheriidae), the juvenile is close to the adult. Different heterochronic processes at work in the studied species have different influences on juvenile morphology and on phylogenetic placement. This study helps to understand the relationship between evolutionary processes and phylogenetic patterns in baleen whale evolution and, more in general, between phylogeny and ontogeny; likewise, this study provides a proxy how to interpret the phylogeny when fossils that are immature individuals are included. Juvenile individuals in the peramorphic acceleration clades would produce misleading phylogenies, whereas juvenile individuals in the paedomorphic neoteny clades should still provide reliable phylogenetic signals.     

蒙特卡洛分析在氯气泄漏事故环境风险评价中的应用研究

气体泄漏事故环境风险系统中存在的不确定性问题影响了定量环境风险评价结果的科学性和实用性.因此,本研究采用蒙特卡洛分析方法对氯气泄漏事故风险系统中的6个风险变量进行分析,并进一步对气体泄漏过程进行仿真模拟,得到模拟结果及其概率分布.同时,将蒙特卡洛分析结果、毒性剂量反应指标和风险受体信息在地理信息系统中进行综合分析,以个...     

太子河流域不同水生态区EPT群落时空分布特征

为了解同一流域不同水生态区EPT〔蜉蝣目(Ephemeroptera)、襀翅目(Plecoptera)、毛翅目(Trichoptera)〕这一敏感类群的时空分布差异及其影响因素,于2009年枯水期(5月)和丰水期(8月)分别对太子河流域3个水生态区进行了野外调查. 结果表明:太子河流域上游区域的水生态Ⅰ区EPT物种数(64种)显著高于中下游区域的水生态Ⅱ区和Ⅲ区,其中,仅毛翅目物种数在丰水期显著高于枯水期. 典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)结果显示,水生态Ⅰ区影响EPT群落分布的环境要素为电导率和水温,而水生态Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区则为电导率、φ(细沙)、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(TP)和ρ(NH₃-N). 枯水期影响EPT群落分布的因素为电导率、建设用地面积所占比例和ρ(BOD₅),丰水期为电导率、ρ(SS)、耕地面积所占比例和水温. 偏线性回归(partial linear regression,PLR)分析显示,水生态Ⅱ区物种和环境要素的模型总解释率最高(均约为0.60),其他2个区次之(水生态Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区总解释率分别为0.13~0.43、0.13~0.53),丰水期模型的总解释率为0.33~0.78,而枯水期模型的总解释率为0.43~0.71. 相对于单一环境要素模型,不同类型环境要素的联合模型对太子河流域EPT群落空间变异具有更好的解释效力.      

中缅油气管道环境监理过程中环保变更和环境敏感点管控措施

简要介绍中缅油气管道工程概况及环境敏感点基本情况,结合碧海环境监理现场具体实践,对长输管道现场环境监理过程中环保变更和环境敏感点管控方法进行了探讨.     

城市污水处理项目分层次环境影响评价探讨

简述城市污水处理项目的主要环境影响与选址、排水、处理工艺与技术、服务区等有关项目决策因素的关系,提出城市污水处理项目分层次环境影响评价的内容划分;在城市总体发展规划或排水规划阶段应评价选址、排水去向等策略问题,在建设项目可行性研究阶段着重考虑减缓不利影响的问题.