填埋垃圾腐殖质组成在填埋场稳定度表征中的应用

通过对上海老港生活垃圾填埋场1991-2004年封场单元填埋垃圾腐殖质组成的分析,考察了填埋垃圾中腐殖质组成随填埋龄的变化规律.研究结果表明,填埋垃圾腐殖质的总可提取率和胡敏酸(HA)与富里酸(FA)比值(HA/FA)分别随填埋龄呈线性下降和上升趋势.因此,填埋垃圾总可提取率和HA/FA可用来有效表征填埋场和填埋垃圾稳定度.     

西南地区某已封场非规范垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化进程分析

以重庆某非规范填埋场为例,针对西南地区已封场非规范垃圾填埋场的稳定化进程进行了分析。按照场地布局选取4个采样点,在垃圾体上进行钻孔取样,分析不同深度的垃圾样pH值、有机质、含水率、生物可降解度以及垃圾样浸出液和填埋气组成以及各个指标随着填埋深度的变化规律,确定不同深度垃圾体的稳定化程度。结果表明,场内垃圾已呈现矿化垃圾特征;有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度均较好地符合一级降解反应,可以预测垃圾体稳定化临界填埋深度。根据有机质、BDM、浸出液COD以及填埋气CH4含量等4个指标与填埋深度一级降解反应函数预测临界稳定化深度为15 m,与实测值判定的稳定化填埋深度相一致性。在对非规范垃圾填埋场场地利用过程中,需要先对未稳定的上层垃圾进行清理,并在已稳定的底层垃圾体上充填其他稳定介质后利用该地块。     

非规范生活垃圾填埋场填埋气横向迁移规律及控制

我国城市中尚有大量非规范生活垃圾填埋场存在,对其进行污染整治消除填埋气导致的环境安全隐患刻不容缓.以重庆某垃圾填埋场为例,研究重庆市主城区的非规范生活垃圾填埋场填埋气的横向迁移问题,在垃圾场周边区域布设36个监测井,对监测井中的填埋气进行分析监测,以填埋气特征组分CH4气体的体积浓度变化研究填埋气的横向迁移规律.结果表明,监测井到填埋场边界的距离为监测井中CH4气体浓度的主要影响因素;垃圾场周边距离填埋场场界50 m以外的区域,填埋气的横向迁移已经相当微弱;但是距离填埋场边界50 m以内区域的填埋气的横向迁移明显,需要在距离填埋场边界50 m范围内采取措施与场内填埋气的导排措施配合,进行填埋气的污染控制.     

城市生活垃圾填埋初期有机质演化规律研究

为阐明生活垃圾填埋初期有机质演化规律,于填埋场打井采集填埋1～3年3个不同时期垃圾样品,用水浸提制备水溶性有机物(DOM)。采用红外光谱、同步荧光光谱及紫外光谱,对浸提液中DOM的结构和演化特征进行了研究。结果显示,生活垃圾中含有脂肪类、蛋白类、糖类及木质素类物质,在填埋初期,有机质中的脂肪类、蛋白质类、糖类及木质素类物质均发生了降解,羧基、氨类及水溶性芳香结构物质减少,DOM分子量降低。研究结果表明,垃圾填埋初期有机质以降解为主。     

城市污泥与水葫芦堆肥性质变化规律

采用仓式好氧堆肥方法,研究了不同比例的城市污泥和水葫芦混合物料堆肥过程中各项评价参数(温度、含水率、pH、有机质和总氮)的变化规律。结果表明:堆肥过程中,堆体温度、含水率变化过程为先上升,再下降;堆体的pH和总氮变化过程为先降低再升高,最后趋于稳定。有机质含量在堆肥48 h内迅速下降,之后缓慢下降。对小堆体,大风量更有利于有机质的降解,但不利于氮素的保存。当m(污泥)∶m(水葫芦)为4∶1时的堆肥效果要优于m(污泥)∶m(水葫芦)为2∶1时的堆肥效果。     

大型垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化研究

本文对大型垃圾填埋场内不同填埋时间垃圾四个组分 (总糖、有机质、生物可降解物和粗纤维 )含量进行了分析 ,并对各指标随填埋时间的变化趋势进行了讨论。结果表明 :在试验场封场后不久 ,垃圾取样均匀性不能保证 ,各指标随时间变化波动很大 ;封场 71 8d后 ,各指标随时间变化呈现一定的规律性 ,垃圾的生物可降解物含量变化能较好地反映垃圾的降解规律。     

垃圾焚烧底渣协同固化市政污泥的工程特性

开展了不同含量垃圾焚烧底渣与固化剂共同作用下,固化市政污泥工程特性研究。测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、重度、pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及28 d渗透系数等工程指标。结果表明:固化体有机质含量及含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣含量的增多而降低;重度随底渣添加量增加而增大,在12~15 k N·m-3之间;固化体pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及渗透系数均随底渣含量增加而增大。底渣添加量为40%左右时,固化体满足填埋要求。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强了污泥固化体工程特性、减少了固化剂用量、同时实现以废治废,降低污泥和垃圾焚烧底渣处置成本。研究成果为污泥及垃圾焚烧底渣填埋处置提供了参数及指导作用。     

大型垃圾填埋场垃圾稳定化研究

本文对大型垃圾填埋场内不同填埋时间垃圾四个组分（总糖、有机质、生物可降解物和粗纤维）含量进行了分析,并对各指标随填埋时间的变化趋势进行了讨论。结果表明：在试验场封场后不久,垃圾取样均匀性不能保证,各指标随时间变化波动很大;封场718d后,各指标随时间变化呈现一定的规律性,垃圾的生物可降解物含量变化能较好地反映垃圾的降解规律。     

微生物菌剂对好氧填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响

为加速好氧填埋场的稳定化进程,提出利用生物强化技术加速好氧填埋垃圾的生物降解,通过模拟实验,研究了微生物菌剂对填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响。结果表明:微生物菌剂降低了好氧填埋场的有机污染负荷,使渗滤液COD下降更加明显,整个填埋周期所产渗滤液的COD总量较对照组少20.20%;加速了含氮物质的生物转化,氨氮峰值出现较对照组提前6 d,经历峰值以后,氨氮快速下降,较对照组提前22 d达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889-2008)所规定的渗滤液氨氮排放标准25 mg/L,并使整个填埋周期氨氮总量减少9.15%;微生物菌剂降低了渗滤液的产量,使整个填埋周期渗滤液累计产量减少8.29%;使垃圾中有机质降解加快并使其降解更加彻底,至实验结束时总有机质含量较对照组低8.82%,干重较对照组减少35.95%;沉降性能优于对照组,至填埋结束时较对照组沉降量提高6.35%。     

模拟成藏填埋垃圾有机质稳定化与产气的阶段性

通过人工构建模拟生物气藏的大型模拟生物反应器,研究模拟成藏填埋城市生活垃圾有机质厌氧降解及生物气化规律及其机理。结果表明,自然温度条件下,模拟填埋垃圾有机质降解和生物气化具有明显阶段性,与pH、ORP、温度等指标的阶段性变化存在相关性。产气阶段最佳条件包括:最适温度范围为31.0～36.0℃;最适pH范围为5.47～6.75,pH中性条件下产甲烷速率最高;ORP最适范围为-428～-541 mV,产甲烷高峰期ORP值为-519 mV,低于前人关于甲烷菌最适ORP的界定范围。每千克挥发性固体总生物气和甲烷产量分别为128.5 L和77.7 L,生物气和甲烷最大产气量分别为118.0 L/d和82.0 L/d,甲烷最大浓度为70.4%,产气高峰期与甲烷浓度高峰期同时出现。模拟成藏填埋垃圾有机质的稳定化过程具有明显的可诱导特征,关键因子的优化对有机质的降解及生物气化产生明显促进作用。     

Investigating the effect of landfill leachates on the characteristics of dissolved organic matter in groundwater using excitation–emission matrix fluorescence spectra coupled with fluorescence regional integration and self-organizing map

For the purpose of investigating the effect of landfill leachate on the characteristics of organic matter in groundwater, groundwater samples were collected near and in a landfill site, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) was extracted from the groundwater samples and characterized by excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra combined with fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and self-organizing map (SOM). The results showed that the groundwater DOM comprised humic-, fulvic-, and protein-like substances. The concentration of humic-like matter showed no obvious variation for all groundwater except the sample collected in the landfill site. Fulvic-like substance content decreased when the groundwater was polluted by landfill leachates. There were two kinds of protein-like matter in the groundwater. One kind was bound to humic-like substances, and its content did not change along with groundwater pollution. However, the other kind was present as “free” molecules or else bound in proteins, and its concentration increased significantly when the groundwater was polluted by landfill leachates. The FRI and SOM methods both can characterize the composition and evolution of DOM in the groundwater. However, the SOM analysis can identify whether protein-like moieties was bound to humic-like matter.     

Biodegradation of organic matters from mixed unshredded municipal solid waste through air convection before landfilling

Landfilling is a dominant municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal method in most developing countries. In China, approximately 85% of the generated MSW is being disposed of in the landfills. The amount of MSW is growing rapidly with the rate of approximately 8-10% annually, which contains a high quantity of moisture and organic matters. The problems of leachate treatment and landfill gas (LFG) emissions are increasing gradually. Reducing the hazard before emplacement, pretreatment of MSW before landfilling has become very important for the conventional landfill. In this study, aerobic pretreatment of mixed MSW was used, and much attention has been given to the natural convection of air in the mixed and unshredded MSW for bioconversion of organic matter (OM). This study is an attempt to investigate aerobic pretreatment suitability for the mixed and unshredded MSW at Beijing. A pilot-scale aerobic pretreatment simulator (APS) was developed at Beishen Shu Landfill in Beijing. To work out the biodegradation of the OM in the APS, fresh and pretreated MSW samples were collected and analyzed for OM, moisture content, temperature, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, lignocelluloses, and biochemical methane potential at various stages of the pretreatment. Furthermore, results of the fresh and pretreated MSW are compared. Significant reduction in the observed parameters of the pretreated waste samples is observed. This work demonstrates that pretreatment is significantly effective in reducing the landfill emissions that is leachate and LFG.     

固化/稳定化处理污泥填埋气液转化模式

固化/稳定化污泥进行填埋产生填埋气,产气规律是指导填埋气收集处理系统设计的重要依据。通过构建大型填埋柱模拟填埋实验,研究不同固化材料添加量污泥气液转化规律。实验结果表明,原泥和固化污泥产气规律分为2种类型:前期产气速率呈线性增加,达到最大速率后产气速率呈指数降低。低添加量的固化污泥,产气分3个阶段,分别为产气抑制期、增长期和衰减期。高添加量固化污泥,产气只有一个阶段,产气速率随着时间推移逐渐减小,产气量很小。固化污泥降解过程就是有机质含量降低,气体产量、含水率增加相互转化过程,达到固化材料添加量25%时,水分和气体产生量均很小,降解受到很强抑制,产气150 d左右稳定,产气量很小,无需单独设置气体收集系统。     

Sewage sludge to landfill: some pertinent engineering properties

More stringent controls on the quality of wastewater discharges have given rise to increasing volumes of sewage sludge for disposal, principally to land, using either land-spreading or sludge-to-landfill operations. Current sludge-to-landfill methods generally involve mixing the concentrated sludge with other solid waste in municipal landfills. However, stricter waste disposal legislation and higher landfill taxes are forcing the water industry to look for more efficient disposal strategies. Landfill operators are also increasingly reluctant to accept sludge material in the slurry state because of construction difficulties and the potential for instability of the landfill slopes. The engineering and drying properties of a municipal sewage sludge are presented and applied, in particular, to the design, construction, and performance of sewage sludge monofills. Sludge handling and landfill construction are most effectively conducted within the water content range of 85% water content, the optimum water content for standard proctor compaction, and 95% water content, the sticky limit of the sludge material. Standard proctor compaction of the sludge within this water content range also achieves the maximum dry density of approximately 0.56 tonne/m3, which maximizes the storage capacity and, hence, the operational life of the landfill site. Undrained shear strength-water content data (pertinent to the stability of the landfill body during construction) and effective stress-strength parameters, which take into account the landfill age and the effects of ongoing sludge digestion, are presented. Landfill subsidence, which occurs principally because of creep and decomposition of the solid organic particles, is significant and continues indefinitely but at progressively slower rates.     

Sorption and degradation of imidacloprid in soil and water

Imidacloprid, the major component of many widely used insecticide formulations, is highly persistent in soils. In this study, the sorption of imidacloprid by six soils as well as its photodegradation and hydrolysis in water were studied. The soils differed significantly in organic matter content and other physical and chemical properties. Sorption increased with increasing soil organic matter content but was not significantly correlated with other soil properties. Removal of organic matter via H2O2 oxidation decreased the sorption. By normalizing the Freundlich coefficients (Kf) to organic matter contents, the variability in obtained sorption coefficient (Kom) was substantially reduced. These results indicate that soil organic matter was the primary sorptive medium for imidacloprid. The low heat of sorption calculated from Kom suggests that partition into soil organic matter was most likely the mechanism. The photodegradation and hydrolysis of imidacloprid in water followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, the latter process needed a six-time-higher activation energy. While both processes produced the same main intermediate, they occurred via different pathways. The hydrolysis of imidacloprid was not catalyzed by the high interlayer pH in the presence of metal-saturated clays, which appeared to result from the lack of the pesticide adsorption in the interlayers of clays.     

生活垃圾卫生填埋场甲烷减排与控制技术研究

系统地研究了生物氧化、生物抑制和风力驱动准好氧填埋的生活垃圾卫生填埋场甲烷减排集成技术.研究表明,喷洒了NMS营养液(80 mL/kg)的矿化垃圾为甲烷氧化覆盖层,可以持续氧化甲烷,第23天后甲烷氧化率稳定在75%左右;当氯仿质量浓度为20 mg/kg或乙炔体积分数达到1.2%时,甲烷产量极少,产甲烷菌几乎被完全抑制;采用风帽技术的改进型准好氧填埋可以利用风速0.5 m/s的自然风,在不增加成本的前提下大幅减少甲烷排放.     

The organic geochemistry of a sanitary landfill leachate plume

Leachate from the North Bay municipal landfill has contaminated an unconfined, sandy aquifer throughout the 700 m flow system from the site to a discharge zone at a creek. The major organic contaminants identified are aromatic hydrocarbons, especially substituted benzenes. The high groundwater velocity of about 75 m yr⁻¹ and the low organic sorption properties of the sand have permitted non-transformed contaminants to spread throughout the total flow system. There is considerable temporal and spatial variability in groundwater chemistry.Most of the aqueous organic carbon has a nominal molecular weight of <2000 and the general decrease in the mass of this fraction relative to Cl indicates it is being mineralized significantly during transport. IR spectra indicate a general trend of increased aromaticity and decreased OH content of organic matter along the flow system. The aqueous organic matter has a significant apparent complexing capacity and so it is somewhat surprising that toxic metal concentrations in leachate-impacted groundwaters are low. In the leachate plume, this complexing capacity is taken up by major cations and H⁺ and to a far lesser extent by toxic metals such as Pb, Cd or Zn.Dispersion is clearly responsible for considerable decrease in contaminant concentration along the flow system. Biotransformation under strictly anaerobic conditions has probably caused 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the landfill. A simple method of comparing the concentrations of pairs of organics at points along the flow system provides relative transformation rates for pairs of organics even with variable inputs from the landfill and dispersive dilution. Relative to ethylbenzene, o-xylene is rapidly lost from this system. O-xylene may be less persistent than m- or p-xylene; a result unexpected from previous studies of these dimethylbenzenes. In the initial, strictly anarobic segment of the flow system 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene are equally persistent, but in the final, less anaerobic segment, the former appears to be degraded more rapidly than the latter.Contaminant distributions in aquifers reflect the results of a number of processes integrated in a complex manner and so are difficult to interpret in terms of specific processes. However, they do provide evidence for what processes are most significant in real groundwater systems and they will also provide critical tests of how well laboratory-derived information relates to real groundwater contamination situations.