科技简讯

石棉废石尾矿的利用 我国石棉资源丰富,种类齐全。全国许多地方都有石棉及其制品的厂矿。石棉在矿石中含量少,一般在2—4％,所以在石棉生产过程中,有大量废石尾矿被抛弃。废石尾矿不仅占用大片土地,而且在排放中造成对环境的污染,危害人们的身体健康。因此,防治石棉废石尾矿的污染,大力开展综合利用是防止污染的有效途径。     

高度关注石棉污染逐步推进石棉禁用政策

石棉是被国际癌症研究组织(IARC)认定的1类致癌物质,目前已被许多国家禁用。但我国依旧是石棉的第一消费大国和第二生产大国,对石棉行业的发展缺少政策指导和行政管理,难以解决该行业产能低效、污染严重、处置无规的问题。本研究建议逐步推动石棉产业禁用政策,科学评估我国温石棉的使用立场;加强石棉行业管理,加强石棉尾矿处理方式的管理和研发;开展石棉环境污染监测与调查,制定石棉的环境质量标准。     

石棉废石尾矿的综合利用

一、前言四川、新康两个大矿在大规模开采石棉中,年产矿石量200多万吨,含棉品位2～3%,经粗选后石棉得到富集,含棉品位提高到3～5%,每年进入选矿厂的粗精矿达100万吨左右。这100万吨粗精矿经破碎筛分提取4.5万吨石棉后,其余占95%以上(约95.5万吨)都当作废石尾矿排入南桠河、大渡河中,严重地污染了河水。据了解,五十     

石棉尾矿渣在土壤重金属及农药污染治理中的应用

石棉尾矿渣具有良好的孔道结构、较大的孔体积和较高的比表面积,是一种理想的吸附材料,在重金属和和有机污染等治理方面表现出巨大潜力。本文在对石棉尾矿渣的矿物组成、晶体结构、化学基团及理化性质进行分析的基础上,对其在重金属污染治理、农药污染治理、农药缓释助剂等方面的应用进行了汇总分析,并对应用中实际存在的问题进行了分析与探讨。指出天然石棉尾矿渣吸附能力不足、功能单一,对土壤结构、理化性质、微环境扰动较大的问题,应加强石棉尾矿渣酸浸改性及高温热解处理,以制备出吸附能力更强、功能更加丰富的石棉尾矿渣基功能材料;并指出了石棉尾矿渣在应用中的研究方向。     

石棉湿法纺纱新工艺防尘效果的评价

石棉对环境的污染日趋严重,它对人体的危害,除呼吸道慢性炎症和石棉肺外,肺癌与间皮瘤的报导日益增多。因此,国际上对石棉的卫生标准要求也更加严格。重庆市石棉制品厂共有石棉肺患者36人,累计患病率3.34％,五年来已死亡10例,其中经病理证实石棉肺合并肺癌2例,合并恶性胸膜间皮瘤1例。余均为石棉肺并发肺心病等。过去干法生产时,车间粉尘浓     

单细胞凝胶电泳法测定三种化合物对石棉DNA链断裂效应的抑制作用

 为了探讨3种化合物对温石棉致人胚肺（HEL）细胞DNA链断裂的影响，用不同浓度的柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠溶液浸泡温石棉1h后，再将其与HEL细胞共同孵育，利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术，测定了HEL细胞的DNA链断裂程度．结果显示，温石棉可致HEL细胞DNA链断裂，并呈明显的剂量反应关系（r＝0.992，P＜0.01），其中80μg/mL石棉所致DNA链断裂为对照组的7倍．与未处理温石棉组相比，经3种化合物预处理的温石棉所致HEL细胞DNA链断裂均明显减少，其中用等量柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠处理过的石棉，其所致DNA链断裂分别降低了38.3％、61.5％、30.1％，这表明，用上述3种化合物预处理温石棉，有可能减轻温石棉对人类的致癌危害性．     

乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及重金属溶出的淋溶实验研究

利用淋溶实验，研究了乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及其对重金属溶出的影响。结果表明：高硫和中硫尾矿因含很高的有效硫（分别为２０．４％和１５．９％），在尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化，发生酸化的时间在第５１周左右，低硫尾矿（有效硫为７．２％）在短期内不会发生酸化。尾矿发生酸化后，将促进其中盐份的溶解，从而使得Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｕ等重金属的溶出增高。本研究可为铅锌尾矿的环境管理提供科学依据     

石棉污染现状及处理动向

世界石棉消费量每年约400万吨,其中半数为苏联所消费,日本石棉消费量,1984年为2.4万吨,1988年增至3.2万吨。石棉纤维柔软富有弹性,具有纺织、耐蚀、耐热及电气绝缘等优良性能,因而被广泛用作各种制品的原料。石棉制品约3000多种,用于房屋建筑材料占77.8％,其余多用于产业机械、化工设备、船舶及汽车行业。由于石棉的广泛应用,因而对环境带来严重污染,危害人体健康。近期发现石棉能引发多种癌症,引起了世界各国的严重关注,开展了大量调查研究,采取消除措施,并明令禁止使用石棉制品,着力开发石棉代用品。 1.大气环境石棉污染现状日本环境厅于1975年,对空气中石棉污染现状开展了调查,1981年召开了石棉发生源对策研究会,1985年开展了石棉监测业务,在25个地区共58个点,进行夏冬二期采样,用光学显微镜计数分析。结果背景区最小     

改性PVA纤维代石棉生产水泥制品

一、前言水泥和沙石等材料经配水混合制成的建筑建材具有很高的抗压强度、耐磨性好、不燃、价恪便宜等优点。但这类材料的抗张强度,抗折力和耐冲击性差,通常都要借助其它增强纤维来改善其性能,传统的水泥增强材料系使用石棉纤维,使用量一般占总量的15～30％。二、石棉水泥制品急需寻求代用增强纤维石棉水泥制品急需寻求代用增强纤维,这是因为: (1)石棉是一种致癌物质。世界卫生组     

石棉湿纺废水的闭路循环

一、前言石棉是重要的耐火材料,广泛应用于化学、钢铁、建筑、机械、电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业以及其它国防科学尖端工业部门。但是,石棉又是一种致癌物质,长期吸入石棉粉尘的人有患石棉肺之虞。上海石棉制品厂在1978年研制成功石棉纺织制品流水线的湿法生产新工艺后,大大降低了石棉粉尘的污染。但是,改用湿法工艺后产生的石棉湿纺废水,其石棉含量高达数百     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.