水中痕量苦味酸PVC膜离子选择性电极的研究

本文用苦味酸溴代十六烷基吡啶离子对作为电活性物质，以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯为增塑剂，研制成以ＰＶＣ为基质膜的苦味酸离子选择电极。苦味酸离子浓度在４０×１０－６～１０×１０－１Ｍ范围内，电极电位服从于Ｎｅｒｎｓｔ方程，线性响应级差为－５８０ｍＶ／Ｐ苦味酸，在ｐＨ＝３０～１０５时电极不受ｐＨ影响，苦味酸离子浓度≥４０×１０－６Ｍ时电极电位的标准偏差小于０９９ｍＶ。测定了电极对硝酸根等干扰离子的选择性系数，仅２，６二硝基酚、２，４二硝基酚和钼酸根的选择性系数大于１０×１０－２。     

吸光光度法测定工业污水中NH_4~ —N含量

本法根据ＮＨ＋４与水杨酸在次氯酸钠和亚硝基铁氰化钠的作用下形成一种有色配合物的反应,最大吸收波长为７００ｎｍ,体系中ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ浓度在０～１４μｇ／ｍｌ范围内符合朗伯—比耳定律,测得摩尔吸光系数ε＝１１×１０４。本法灵敏、准确、重现性好,测试误差小于３％,回收率为９６～１０２３１％。     

工业居民混合区降尘含量的灰色GM(1,1)预测

本文采有灰色理论中的预测方法，以９０—９４年度的降尘监测数据为基础，建立了邯郸市工业居民混合区降尘含量的ＧＭ（１，１）预测模型，其数学表达式为：＾Ｘ（１）（ｋ＋１）＝５６０２９ｅ００５６４１２ｋ－５３０８３，经三种方法对模型精度检验，由模式计算的预测值与历年的实测值的平均相对误差仅为－０００８％，关联度系数γ＝０９０５，后验差比值Ｃ＝００３，模型精度为一级，经与９５年度预测值与实测值对比验证，误差２７４％，说明本模型能真实地反映该区降尘的发展变化规律，预测数据可作为制定该区降尘防治规划的依据。     

利用NO2—对对硝基苯胺的褪色作用光度法测定污水中NO2—

在００６ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ 的盐酸介质中， Ｎ Ｏ２－ 与对硝基苯胺（１０×１０－ ４ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ）反应生成无色的重氮盐使对硝基苯胺溶液褪色，于３８２ ｎｍ 处测量吸光度的变化。 Ｎ Ｏ２－ 在００６～４０ ｍ ｇ／ Ｌ 内服从比耳定律，回收率为９５％ ～１０４％ 。本法选择性好，操作简便，适用于污水中 Ｎ Ｏ２－ 的测定。     

填充柱气相色谱法测定废水中的乙酸根

废水经蒸馏预处理，采用５％ＰＥＧ２０Ｍ＋０５％Ｈ３ＰＯ４ＣｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂＨＰ８０～１００目，２ｍ×２ｍｍ玻璃填充柱，直接进预处理水样气相色谱法测定废水中的乙酸根，方法操作快速、简便，变异系数为４％和１０％，加标回收率８３％～１０５％，最小检出浓度为２ｍｇ／Ｌ     

甲醛检测管的初步研制

运用苯系物与甲醛在酸催化下发生显色反应生成树脂状褐色产物的原理,初步研制了一种能够测定空气中低浓度甲醛的检测管。其载体为６０～８０目的活化硅胶;玻璃管内径为１８～２０ｍｍ;指示粉为硅胶、浓硫酸和二甲苯的混合物。对空气进行测定的采样条件为：采气速度００５Ｌ／ｍｉｎ,采样量３Ｌ。经初步试验,该检测管变色长度与甲醛的浓度具有较好的相关性（γ＝０９９４１）;检测之重现性较好（不同浓度测定的变异系数小于２５％）;灵敏度较高（最低显色浓度为０１ｍｇ／ｍ３）。     

降水背景值与酸雨定义研究

选择太平洋、印度洋、大西洋、北冰洋、内陆丽江玉龙雪山山麓背景降水Ｈ＋、Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、ＳＯ２－４、ＮＯ－３等降水化学组分的背景统计值，研究组分与Ｈ＋的相关性，从而提出定义海洋降水ｐＨ４８、内陆５０为酸雨，以及背景值是一个区间值的理论依据     

液相催化氧化法烟气脱硫热态试验

采用液相催化氧化法和穿流式筛板吸收塔进行了规模为１０００ｍ３／ｈ烟气脱硫热态试验。结果表明，当吸收液为浓度０１Ｍ的Ｆｅ２＋＋Ｍｎ２＋水溶液，烟气风量在８１８～１４１８ｍ３／ｈ，液气比为１Ｌ／ｍ３，ＳＯ２入口浓度在７８７～７８２１ＰＰｍ范围内脱硫率可达４９～６９％。穿流式筛板塔具有处理能力大、阻力小、不易堵塞、结构简单、传质效果好等特点     

硫酸-甲醛分光光度法测定废水中的联苯胺

本文拟定一种新的分光光度法分析废水中的联苯胺。水中的联苯胺经有机溶剂萃取后，与硫酸甲醛溶液反应，生成浅褐色溶液，直接进行分光光度测定。检测下限０２μｇ／ｍｌ，联苯胺浓度在０２～２μｇ／ｍｌ时显线性；回收率为９５６％。     

高效液相色谱分析水中阴离子洗涤剂

试验了反相高效液相色谱法分析水中阴离子洗济剂———直链烷基苯磺酸钠,以甲醇／水体系作流动相Ｃ１８色谱柱分离紫外检测器检测,水样经微孔膜过滤后直接进入仪器分析,加标回收率为８３％～９３％,变异系数为２７％～４２％,检测限为００５０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).