非均相高效催化剂在餐厨废油转化生物柴油中的应用

近年来,非均相催化剂在酯化和转酯化催化制备生物柴油中备受关注。综述了固体碱、固体酸、固定化酶等非均相高效催化剂在生物柴油制备中的研究进展,并展望了新型非均相催化剂在餐厨废油转化制备生物柴油的应用前景。     

固体表面改性用于防治生物污损研究进展

通过物理化学方法使固体表面性质发生改变的技术称为固体表面改性技术.改变固体的表面性质能够使细菌、硅藻等污损生物及其胞外聚合物质难以附着以达到防污的目的,是目前生物防污的主要手段.本文简述了生物污损的形成过程、形成机理及影响因素,并在此基础上综述固体表面改性技术在防治生物污损方面应用的研究进展.同时,结合多学科的交叉发展,对未来防污手段作了展望,为防污方面的固体表面改性技术研究提供参考.     

生物滤池—固体接触新技术及应用

介绍污水处理新技术生物滤池——固体接触工艺和工业试验，以及应用该新技术建成的日处理１万ｔ生活污水装置的运行情况和特点     

城市生活垃圾固体替代燃料的制备技术及应用

针对城市生活垃圾等固废产生量日益增多、组分复杂,处置时易产生温室气体,对其有效管理和碳减排成为当前关注的热点。介绍了城市生活垃圾处理现状及国内外固体替代燃料标准,叙述机械生物处理技术中包含的生物干化、机械分选技术等工序,分析了固体替代燃料燃烧过程中存在的潜在问题,结合城市生活垃圾常规处理和机械生物处理工艺效果,获得机械生物处理后的固体替代燃料热值达到10 536 kJ/kg,比原生垃圾热值提升了3倍,且不需要添加辅助燃料进行燃烧。固体替代燃料在水泥、电力等行业应用能提高资源有效再利用,减少化石燃料的使用,对节约成本、保护环境以及推进我国垃圾分类和碳中和进程具有重要意义。     

嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌对高砷尾矿生物氧化行为影响的研究

含砷尾矿在生物氧化作用下会产生大量含砷(As)酸性矿山废水，从而对周围生态环境造成严重危害，亟需系统性明晰含砷尾矿生物氧化过程中As的迁移转化规律.探究含砷尾矿生物氧化行为的影响因素有利于揭示As的迁移转化规律.以高砷尾矿(As含量>20%)为研究对象，考察了不同初始pH条件(1.2～2.8)和固体浓度(2.0～10.0 g·L^-1)对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)生物氧化行为的影响.结果表明：As的生物氧化受初始pH值和固体浓度的显著影响.As的生物氧化效率随着初始pH或固体浓度的升高呈先升高后下降的趋势；在初始pH值2.0时，观察到As的浸出率(高达92.94%)比其他初始pH条件高.在固体浓度8.0 g·L^-1时具有最优的As浸出率(高达93.24%).在所有初始pH和固体浓度条件下可以发现生物浸出前期As的浸出效率快速上升，而生物氧化中期维持相对稳定并在生物氧化后期出现下降趋势，这与微生物活性变化和黄钾铁矾的形成有关.XRD和SEM分析结果显示在生物氧化过程中微生物氧化释放的...     

四环素类抗生素生产废水处理技术进展

四环素类抗生素是临床上广泛运用的广谱抗生素。其生产废水属于高浓度有机废水，pH值较低，成分复杂，有机物、溶解性和胶体性固体、悬浮物含量较高，含有难降解物质和有抑制菌作用的四环素类抗生素及其中间代谢产物。可生化性较差，井具有一定的生物毒性。综述了近年来四环素类抗生素生产废水治理方法的研究进展，介绍了国内外此类废水治理的各种物化处理和生物处理方法及其应用，并提出以后亟待解决的问题。     

壳聚糖与甲壳素对废水生物处理的强化作用研究

将壳聚糖溶液和甲壳素固体应用于SBR生物反应器处理有机废水。通过平行实验，对多项污染指标进行比较，证实了壳聚糖和甲壳素对废水生物处理的强化作用。研究还表明，壳聚糖与甲壳素强化生物处理的作用原理不同，壳聚糖是通过改善污泥的菌胶团结构强化生物处理，而甲壳素是作为微生物的生长载体强化生物处理。     

国外食品工业废水处理的新技术

食品加工业所产生的废水具有固体杂质多，有机物含量高，ＢＯＤ，ＣＯＤ值高等特点，如不经处理就直接排放，将会对天然水体造成严重的污染。目前，国外已将许多先进的生物处理技术应用于食品工业废水的处理，如：应用升流式厌氧污泥床反应器，活性污泥反应器，升流工厌氧滤层，中温及高温厌氧过滤器，生物转盘反应器等先进的生物处理系统对食品加工废水进行处理，已取得了显著的效果。     

环境地学

X144 9801290生物固体对土壤氮循环和硝态氮淋洗的影响/杨林…(西雅图,华盛顿大学森林资源学院)//农业环境保护/中国农业生态环保协会一1997,16(4)一182一186环信X一15 根据近20余年有关生物固体对土壤中氮循环及硝态氮淋洗的文献综述了有关的研究结果。从生物固体中氮的形态、矿化作用、氮被植物的摄取、氨的挥发、氮的固定与储存、硝化作用、反硝化作用及铁的淋洗介绍了氮的循环;从林地及农田的生物固体施用量、植被、季节及土壤的特征介绍了硝酸盐的淋洗状况。这对于生物固体合理的土地利用,发挥其正效应,以及保护环境可供参考与研究。…     

生物沥滤去除污泥重金属:污泥固体浓度和类型影响

研究了污泥固体浓度和污泥类型对Cu、Pb和Zn生物沥滤的影响。结果表明,污泥固体浓度越高,重金属沥出效果越差;高固体浓度污泥pH值降低缓慢,其SO42-产生量明显高于低污泥浓度。低固体浓度污泥下,氮磷钾营养物质流失量比高固体浓度污泥明显增多。厌氧消化污泥和生污泥中重金属的生物沥滤效果差异不大,但厌氧消化污泥的肥效流失明显高于生污泥。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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