基于全排列多边形图示法的生态城市评价——以上海市为例

生态城市的构建是可持续发展的必然要求,也是生态文明创建的重要内容。采用全排列多边形图示法对上海市2005~2014年的生态化程度进行综合评价,结果表明:(1)就绝对生态城市水平,2005~2014年上海市生态城市发展指数S总体上呈缓慢增长态势,但S值均介于[0.2,0.4]之间,处于较低水平,亟需加快该市生态建设步伐;(2)就相对生态城市水平,2005~2014年上海市先后经历了由低-低-中等-较高-高的变化过程,呈现不断趋好的态势;(3)2005~2014年上海市经济、社会、环境三大子系统的S值存在波动变化,总体上反映出上海市生态化程度处于较低水平。     

Rural development with environmental sustainability

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城市生态规划的理论与方法

综述城市土地利用生态规划和城市生态系统对策规划的状况，分析并提出了城市生态规划的两种类型，即生态规划方法和城市生态系统水平上进行的生态对策规划，并对这两种生态规划的发展进行了探讨。     

我国北方农牧交错带生态建设成本体系研究——以吉林省西部为例

北方农牧交错带是我国生态建设的重点地区,对于生态建设成本的研究是生态补偿的科学基础。从科学发展观的视角出发,针对这类地区收入水平低、就业结构单一的特点,认为其成本体系应本着以农民需求为核心、统筹区域内生态建设和发展的关系,并为统筹生态建设区与受益地区发展提供依据的原则进行构建,依此将成本分为营建成本、机会成本和发展成本,并通过在吉林省西部的应用,得出吉林省西部退耕还林、还草、草原抚育的总成本分别为24150、8090、967元h/m₂,远高于国家所提供的补偿标准。因此,除了国家补助外,应本着“受益者支付”的原则,长春、吉林等地应通过就业培训、技术支持等方式支付发展成本。因此,我国在生态建设中应细化补偿标准和实行支付主体多元化,国家和当地政府就营建成本和机会成本方面作出补偿,而受益地区则着重于发展成本的补偿。     

对上海空间环境维系可持续发展的探讨

文章阐述了上海要建成国际大都市，需处理好大都市圈，市辖范围的城郊及市中心地区三个层面的城市空间环境问题。对大都市圈，以上海为中心的长江三角洲范围内，突破踞行政管辖范围的限制，形成基础设施和区域环境保护网络。对市辖范围内的城郊，一是要充分认识杭州湾滨江海城市带，将是２１世纪继浦东开发后，最具活力的新的经济增长及改善城市环境的重要地区，要有所预见并引导与规范其发展；二是要对郊工业的发展严格执行有利于环     

Envisioning sustainability three-dimensionally

Sustainability has arisen as an alternative to the dominant socio-economic paradigm (DSP). However, it is still a difficult concept for many to fully understand. To help to communicate it and make it more tangible visual representations have been used. Three of the most used, and critiqued, sustainability representations are: (1) a Venn diagram, i.e. three circles that inter-connect, where the resulting overlap that represents sustainability can be misleading; (2) three concentric circles, the inner circle representing economic aspects, the middle social aspects, and the outer environmental aspects; and (3) the Planning Hexagon, showing the relationships among economy, environment, the individual, group norms, technical skills, and legal and planning systems. Each has been useful in helping to engage the general public and raising sustainability awareness. However, they all suffer from being highly anthropocentric, compartmentalised, and lacking completeness and continuity. These drawbacks have reduced their acceptance and use by more advanced sustainability scholars, researchers and practitioners. This paper presents an innovative attempt to represent sustainability in three dimensions which show the complex and dynamic equilibria among economic, environmental and social aspects, and the short-, long- and longer-term perspectives.     

Comparison of sustainability issues in two sensitive areas of China

After 30 years of economic reform since opening to the outside world in 1978, China's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has increased by 150% over the past 15 years. The sustainability of such intense economic activity has been questioned from the perspectives of the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability. In this study, we assessed the spatial and temporal trends in sustainable development in two sensitive agricultural areas of China: Dezhou district, a well-developed region, and Guyuan district, an underdeveloped region. We used the pressure–state–response (PSR) model and a participatory approach that involved local experts to select and evaluate 27 area-specific indicators, then calculated changes in their values from 1985 to 2002. We aggregated these indicators into dimension- and PSR-specific indices to assess the sustainability of development in both regions. There two regions differed greatly in sustainability, but the current status of sustainable development raises concerns in both areas, especially from the perspective of balancing the three dimensions of sustainability. In 2002, Dezhou district performed well economically, with an index value of 0.78 (where 1.0 = sustainable), followed by environmental and social sustainability (both with index values of 0.48). All three indices have increased since 1985 (by 0.17, 0.25, and 0.13, respectively). In Guyuan district, environmental sustainability was highest (with an index value of 0.73), followed by economic and social sustainability (values of 0.55 and 0.37, respectively), but economic sustainability has decreased by 0.04 since 1985, whereas environmental and social sustainability increased by 0.18 and 0.12, respectively. To promote sustainable regional development, development priorities should be determined by considering both the regional and temporal variation in the three sustainability indices.     

An approach to scenario analysis of the sustainability of an industrial sector applied to clothing and textiles in the UK

Companies aiming to be ‘sustainability leaders’ in their sector and governments wanting to support their ambitions need a means to assess the changes required to make a significant difference in the impact of their whole sector. Previous work on scenario analysis/scenario planning demonstrates extensive developments and applications, but as yet few attempts to integrate the ‘triple bottom line’ concerns of sustainability into scenario planning exercises. This paper, therefore, presents a methodology for scenario analysis of large change to an entire sector. The approach includes calculation of a ‘triple bottom line graphic equaliser’ to allow exploration and evaluation of the trade-offs between economic, environmental and social impacts. The methodology is applied to the UK's clothing and textiles sector, and results from the study of the sector are summarised. In reflecting on the specific study, some suggestions are made about future application of a similar methodology, including a template of candidate solutions that may lead to significant reduction in impacts.     

对“三北”防护林体系工程的思考与展望

“三北”防护林体系工程是一项宏伟的工程,她不仅是中国生态环境建设的伟大创举,也是全球生态环境建设的重要组成部分。始于1978年的这项生态工程,23年来累计造林保存面积2203.72×104hm₂,“三北”地区的森林覆盖率已从工程开始实施时的5.05%提高到目前的9%,一些重点地区的区域性防护林体系已初具规模,生态效益、经济效益、社会效益都有了不同程度的提高。这一工程体系突破了传统的单一模式,实行带、片、网相结合,人工造林、飞播造林、封山封沙育林相结合,造(林)、封(育)、管(护)相结合,丰富了防护林体系建设的科学内涵。21世纪前50年是“三北”防护林体系建设的攻坚期,也是决战期,必须重视科技成果的推广运用,加快工程建设步伐,并采取切实措施巩固建设成果。     

可持续发展评价指标(体系)及其确定方法的探讨

通过对目前已有的可持续发展指标体系的研究,指出现有指标体系忽略了可持续性内涵、环境的限制作用、社会公平性及经济增长的影响作用等主要内容．提出采用离差法来计算可持续发展评价指标．建议采用限制型指标、发展型指标、协调型指标来评价系统的可持续性;标准值或参考值采用反映系统不可持续性状态的底线值以及反映整个人类状况的全球、区域或国家现时平均值．同时还提出了不可持续性标准值、不可持续状态、远离不可持续状态、迈进可持续发展过程等概念．强调单项指标的重要性,指出单项指标离差度对系统可持续性的指示作用．     

城市粪污处理及投资效益分析方法浅析

提出城市粪污处理要根据城市特点,以当地城市总体规划和环境卫生工程规划为主要依据,通过对粪污处理工程建设的环境效益、经济效益和社会效益的论证,作出科学的资源及经济效益的分析与评价;选择适合不同城市的处理模式,以利于既能保护环境,又能取得资源利用的经济回报。     

环境保护年度计划管理工作的探讨

将环境保护计划纳入国民经济和社会发展计划,这在我国尚属首次。本文从法律依据,指导原则、指标体系、编制方法,支持系统等方面,探讨环境保护年度汁划管理中的若干问题。     

浅析绿色制造的战略环境评价

绿色制造的战略环境评价是实现可持续发展的关键技术 ,是协调环境与社会经济发展的重要手段。它要求在绿色制造初期———绿色设计阶段就考虑整个制造过程的环境影响 ,从决策源头上控制环境污染的产生和生态环境的破坏。本文从绿色制造的广义内涵入手 ,分析了绿色制造战略环境评价的理论基础和综合集成特性 ,并提出了战略环境评价的指标体系和综合集成评价方法。     

不同生态系统管理情景下资源环境承载力动态仿真研究

环境问题与社会经济发展关系机理错综复杂,研究环境承载力状态对实现区域可持续发展具有重要意义.基于资源环境复合系统原理,构建"经济-资源-环境"系统动力学模型,通过生态系统评估的4种情景时间序列动态仿真,探索经济社会发展的优化方案.结果表明：全球协同和技术家园更适合福州市自身发展需求,为保持福州市经济发展的可持续性,应优先选用全球协同发展模式,后期可逐步向技术家园发展模式转变.福州市作为生态文明思想重要实践地,在提高经济发展水平的同时,需更好地保护生态环境,实现经济-资源-环境协同发展.研究结果在一定程度上可为经济社会发展模式提供科学依据.     

天津市城市生态系统与污染综合防治的研究

天津市城市生态系统与污染综合防治的研究,以城市生态系统的理论为指导,应用经济生态学、系统工程的研究方法,通过环境及社会调查、大规模的野外试验、实验模拟与数学模拟,系统地揭示了天津市城市生态系统的现状及其规律;揭示了系统中经济发展、资源利用、环境污染三个子系统间的关系,为制定城市总体规划、城市经济发展规划、城市环境保护规划,为保持天津市城市生态系统的良性循环提供了科学的决策依据;建立了经济效益、社会效益、环境效益统一的、系统的环境综合防治模型和环境综合整治规划;发展了一系列的环境管理实用技术和多项环境     

我国农产品主产区土地可持续利用评价

农产品主产区土地利用的可持续性状况直接关乎国家的粮食安全。综合资源环境、经济和社会要素,构建了以县域为单元的土地可持续利用评价指标体系,基于变权理论,评价分析了我国8个农产品主产区土地可持续利用现状及其动态。结果表明:各农产品主产区的土地资源环境、经济和社会可持续性的空间分布呈现明显差异。资源环境优良、人均GDP较高的四川盆地、黄淮海平原和长江中游及江淮地区的土地资源环境和经济可持续性均明显高于其他地区,尤其是生态脆弱的新疆和内蒙古东部地区;黄淮海平原、长江中游及江淮地区和松嫩平原90%以上的县域土地利用社会可持续性达到较高度及以上水平。2000-2008年间,各农产品主产区的土地经济和社会可持续性变幅要高于资源环境可持续性的变幅。四川盆地、松嫩平原、三江平原和黄淮海平原土地资源环境可持续性增强,其较高度及以上水平的县域个数比例增加10个百分点以上,华南蔗果区、新疆和内蒙古东部区则减弱,而各农产品主产区土地经济可持续性均有不同程度的提高。同时,黄淮海平原的水资源负载指数增加,四川盆地和长江中游及江淮地区进一步激化的人地矛盾和华南蔗果区城乡收入差距增大等现象值得关注。     

Cluster analysis for studying industrial sustainability: an empirical study in Shanghai

Compared with the extensive research on industrial sustainability in cities of the developed world, similar empirical work in developing countries is rare. This article examines industrial sustainability of the manufacturing sector in one of the central districts in Shanghai, PR China, using hierarchy cluster analysis, based on selected variables that reflect the industrial advantages, social contributions, environmental management and economic performance of the manufacturing sector. The variables represent the competition capability, proportion of employees in the relevant sector to the total number of employees in the manufacturing industry, the coefficient of environmental protection and market shares. Twenty-five manufacturing sectors are grouped into four clusters in the district. According to the characteristics of the various clusters, suggestions are proposed for improving their industrial sustainability.     

石洞口污水处理厂运行管理机制探讨

石洞口污水处理厂是上海苏州河综合整治的重要项目,由上海是政府建设、上海城投污水处理有限公司运行的示范工程。污水处理厂已运营多年,在上海市的减排体系中担负着重要角色,这种成功的建设、运营模式显现出了一定的经济、环境、社会效益,保证了污水处理厂良性运行,对其它城市的污水处理也具有一定的借鉴作用。     

The effects of land tenure change on sustainability: human security and environmental change in southern African savannas

Using a human security perspective, we investigate how the history of land tenure changes has driven sustainability in southern African savannas. The paper examines four countries—Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Two research questions are addressed: first, how has colonial land tenure and distribution affected people's options and capacity to end, mitigate or adapt to risks to their human, environmental and social rights, and what have been the related effects on land uses and degradation? Second, to what extent have post-independence land reforms addressed threats to human security and political causes of land degradation? The inequitable distribution of land and colonial legacy of dual or pluralistic systems of tenure are found to be at the root of many agrarian and environmental problems. Post-independence land reforms have largely failed to address these fundamental issues, sometimes even reinforcing threats to social, economic and environmental sustainability. The skewed distribution of land and resources, insecure rights, and the marginalisation and restriction of savanna livelihood systems have persisted, undermining human security and environmental integrity in the region as well as leading to mounting conflict and insecurity.     

Incorporating sustainability into supply management in the automotive industry – the case of the Volkswagen AG

Companies are perceived as important actors in the drive for sustainability. Linked to this, and in response to increasing demands from various stakeholder groups, companies start to look at their supply chain to enhance their overall sustainability profile. Two major triggers can be identified: (1) focal companies are held responsible for environmental and social problems caused by their suppliers, which become more and more important as (2) an increasing share of value is created at the supplier level. In response to such demands, companies have to find ways to incorporate environmental and social aspects into their supply (chain) management. Therefore, environmental and social standards are integrated into supply management by amending the purchasing processes. This paper presents one approach to integrate social and environmental standards into supply policy and supply management at the Volkswagen AG, a focal company of the automobile industry. Therefore, required changes of the sourcing and supply structures were identified during an action research project, and possible options adaptable for company internal integration are shown.