我国海岸带生态环境问题及其调控对策

海岸带是陆海交互作用的地带，是全球变化研究的重要组成部分；同时人类活动对海岸带的环境变迁又有着举足轻重的影响。本文综述了影响我国海岸带生态环境变迁的10个重要的环境问题，并提出了应对海岸带生态环境退化的6种调控对策，其中实行一体化的海岸带综合管理体制是实现海岸带可持续发展的最重要的对策之一。     

海岸带生态安全评估技术研究进展

自然灾害、城镇扩展及人类活动干扰在很大程度上影响着海岸带生态安全。归纳了国内外海岸带生态安全的研究热点,国内主要集中在生态安全管理、评估、格局规划3个方面,国外学者侧重于研究海岸带综合管理、环境演化及灾害预测、生态系统健康评价、风险评价等方面。生态安全评估是实施生态环境管理与保护行动的基础工作,但国内外现有研究中对海岸带生态安全的评估还没有统一的标准。针对海岸带生态安全的特点,对比相关概念模型、评价方法的优缺点,采用指标重要值的方法确定了海岸带生态安全评估指标的重要性程度。最后,基于"驱动力—压力—状态—响应"概念框架模型,提出海岸带生态安全评估的指标体系框架,以期为海岸带生态安全评估提供参考。     

基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应模型的粤港澳大湾区惠州海岸带生态安全评价分析

将海岸带复合生态系统作为一个整体,充分考虑海岸带生态风险形成机制和生态环境保护要求,识别影响海岸带生态安全的主要因素。基于驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)模型,将海岸带生态安全归纳为驱动力、压力、状态、影响、响应5个准则层,选取26个能够反映生态安全状况的因子来构建海岸带生态安全评价指标体系。对粤港澳大湾区惠州岸段两个沿海县(区)2007、2010、2013、2015、2016年的海岸带生态安全状况进行评价分析,结果表明:(1)惠东县这5年海岸带生态安全等级分别为预警(Ⅲ)、较安全(Ⅱ)、较危险(Ⅳ)、较安全(Ⅱ)、较安全(Ⅱ);大亚湾区海岸带生态安全等级分别为预警(Ⅲ)、预警(Ⅲ)、预警(Ⅲ)、较安全(Ⅱ)、较安全(Ⅱ)。(2)"十二五"规划所采取的环境保护和生态建设措施对惠州海岸带生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。海岸带生态安全状况于2013年有明显恶化,说明生态环境保护应对措施及力度仍不足以抵消这一时期持续增加的生态环境压力,同时,海岸带生态环境对于响应措施的反应具有一定程度的滞后性。(3)影响惠州海岸带生态安全的主要原因有工业的发展及污染物排放、人类活动密集及人类对海洋区域的大规模开发利用、政府响应措施实施力度、自然和人为原因所造成的海洋灾害和损失。     

厦门港发展与海岸带生态环境演变耦合协调关系研究

借鉴区域经济-海洋生态系统耦合关系研究成果,构建了厦门港发展与海岸带生态环境演变耦合协调关系的定量分析技术体系,内容包括环境影响识别及作用机理剖析、耦合协调系统的表征指标体系建立、耦合协调关系定量分析等,为沿海港口发展与海岸带生态环境演变耦合协调关系研究提供了可借鉴的方法,也为沿海港口绿色发展提供了理论支撑和实用技术。     

浙江省辐射环境监测现状及对策研究

辐射环境是生态环境的重要组成部分,核与辐射环境安全是国家环境安全的重要内容.详述了目前浙江省辐射环境监测网络的建设情况,以及对核设施、铀矿及伴生矿放射性污染源、核技术运用、电磁辐射环境、辐射应急等进行辐射环境监测的情况,分析了存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的对策,为浙江省辐射环境监管提供技术支撑和科学依据,同时也对全国辐射环境监测和管理具有积极的指导意义.     

人口增长、经济增长、技术变化与环境变迁——中国现代环境变迁(1952—1990)

本文主要研究人口增长、经济增长、技术变化三大因素对环境质量变化的影响。作者提出环境变迁曲线,与人口转变曲线、工业化过程相联系,并划分了环境变迁四个阶段。根据环境变迁过程以及动因,在国际比较范围内,进一步说明了中国环境变迁的特点。作者认为,强化减少污染型技术因素是改善环境质量的主要途径,与此同时,坚持控制人口增长,以减少环境压力。     

龙口市海水入侵动态系统分析与防治对策

海水入侵已成为全球普遍关注的地下水环境问题,它不仅严重地威胁着人类淡水资源,而且破坏生态环境平衡,制约着社会经济可持续发展。以山东省龙口市为靶区,通过分析研究衡量海水入侵重要因子－氯离子浓度时空分布规律及其影响因素,探索海水入侵动态系统规律,提出防治海水入侵的措施和对策。     

浙江省县域生态环境功能区规划制定的思考

县域生态环境功能区规划是省级生态功能区划的具体落实,是县域环境决策和管理的重要依据.阐述了制定县域生态环境功能区规划的重要意义,提出了县域生态环境功能区规划的定位、规划原则与方法、分区规划的主要内容,以期为浙江省开展县域生态环境功能区规划提供参考.     

海洋生态环境与海洋基质的关系

环境科学研究的课题,从时间看,既有过去(例如污染的历史,地质变迁的影响等等),也有现在(主要是当前的污染问题与治理问题),还有将来(即自然界中地质与地理变迁对远景环境的影响).当前海洋的     

海岸带的利用和保护

习惯上把海洋和陆地截然分开为地球表面两大部分,它们之间以海岸线为界,常把海岸带视为海岸线附近地带,宽不过几十公尺的地带。近几十年来,世界各国对海岸带的理解,认为应包括海、陆相互影响的地区,海岸带的范围逐渐在扩大,美国某些州规定离岸3英里属于海岸带的范围,我国这     

Megacities and Large Urban Agglomerations in the Coastal Zone: Interactions Between Atmosphere, Land, and Marine Ecosystems

Megacities are not only important drivers for socio-economic development but also sources of environmental challenges. Many megacities and large urban agglomerations are located in the coastal zone where land, atmosphere, and ocean meet, posing multiple environmental challenges which we consider here. The atmospheric flow around megacities is complicated by urban heat island effects and topographic flows and sea breezes and influences air pollution and human health. The outflow of polluted air over the ocean perturbs biogeochemical processes. Contaminant inputs can damage downstream coastal zone ecosystem function and resources including fisheries, induce harmful algal blooms and feedback to the atmosphere via marine emissions. The scale of influence of megacities in the coastal zone is hundreds to thousands of kilometers in the atmosphere and tens to hundreds of kilometers in the ocean. We list research needs to further our understanding of coastal megacities with the ultimate aim to improve their environmental management.     

Mercury in Precipitation at an Urbanized Coastal Zone of the Baltic Sea (Poland)

Wet deposition is an important source of metals to the sea. The temporal variability of Hg concentrations in precipitation, and the impact of air masses of different origins over the Polish coastal zone were assessed. Samples of precipitation were collected (August 2008–May 2009) at an urbanized coastal station in Poland. Hg analyses were conducted using CVAFS. These were the first measurements of Hg concentration in precipitation obtained in the Polish coastal zone. Since Poland was identified as the biggest emitter of Hg to the Baltic, these data are very important. In the heating and non-heating season, Hg concentrations in precipitation were similar. Hg wet deposition flux dominated in summer, when the production of biomass in the aquatic system was able to actively adsorb Hg. Input of metal to the sea was attributed to regional and distant sources. Maritime air masses, through transformation of Hg(0), were an essential vector of mercury in precipitation.     

Demarcating coastal vegetation buffers with multicriteria evaluation and GIS at Saldanha Bay, South Africa

The Saldanha-Langebaan coastal zone forms an integral part of the South African coastal resource base. As elsewhere in the world, an acute need exists to balance development and economic growth and conservation in the coastal zone as an exploitable resource frontier area. Vegetated buffers and greenways are conservation concepts that have been used with great success in such conservation efforts. They are applied in the study area through the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) as spatial decision-support system to legitimize the demarcation of a vegetated buffer zone. The method of multicriteria evaluation, as applied here, incorporates public decision-making in constructing an objective model for buffer zone demarcation. Representatives from interested and affected parties participated in model construction and calibration, resulting in the spatial delimitation of a multifunctional vegetated buffer. It conforms to a range of functional criteria and can serve as an environmental element in coastal conservation planning frameworks.     

Modeling water exchange and contaminant transport through a Baltic coastal region

The water exchange of the Baltic coastal zone is characterized by its seasonally varying regimes. In the safety assessment of a potential repository for spent nuclear fuel, it is important to assess the consequences of a hypothetical leak of radionuclides through the seabed into a waterborne transport phase. In particular, estimates of the associated residence times in the near-shore coastal zone are of interest. There are several methods to quantify such measures, of which three are presented here. Using the coastal location of Forsmark (Sweden) as an example, methods based on passive tracers, particle trajectories, and the average age distribution of exogeneous water parcels are compared for a representative one-year cycle. Tracer-based methods can simulate diffusivity more realistically than the other methods. Trajectory-based methods can handle Lagrangian dispersion processes due to advection but neglect diffusion on the sub-grid scale. The method based on the concept of average age (AvA) of exogeneous water can include all such sources simultaneously not only boundary water bodies but also various (fresh)-water discharges. Due to the inclusion of sub-grid diffusion this method gives a smoother measure of the water renewal. It is shown that backward in time trajectories and AvA-times are basically equipollent methods, yielding correlated results within the limits set by the diffusivity.     

Intertidal Zone Management in the Western Indian Ocean: Assessing Current Status and Future Possibilities Using Expert Opinions

This expert opinion study examined the current status of the intertidal zone in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and ranked and discussed future management approaches. Information was gathered from scientists, practitioners, and managers active in the WIO region through a questionnaire and a workshop. The experts stated that the productive intertidal environment is highly valuable for reasons such as recreation, erosion protection, and provision of edible invertebrates and fish. Several anthropogenic pressures were identified, including pollution, harbor activities, overexploitation, and climate change. The experts considered the WIO intertidal zone as generally understudied, undermanaged, and with poor or no monitoring. The most important management strategies according to the expert opinions are to develop and involve local people in integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), to increase knowledge on species–environment relationships, and to develop awareness campaigns and education programs. To improve coastal environmental management and conservation, we argue that the intertidal zone should be treated as one organizational management unit within the larger framework of ICZM.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0465-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The application of satellite remote sensing to coastal management in Singapore

This paper reviews the application of satellite remote sensing to management of Singapore's coastal environment. Remotely sensed data have been used for marine habitat mapping, water quality monitoring, ship and ship-wake detection, oil spill detection, red tide monitoring, and mapping of reclamation activities. While these applications clearly cover most of the range of opportunities for use of remotely sensed data in the coastal zone, there is still a need for more complete baseline studies of natural resources and habitats, and monitoring of the impacts of development on the coastal and marine environment. There is also a requirement for more management-oriented research and continued development and revision of the available datasets. Integration and exchange of information between management agencies and research groups is also an important aspect of sustainable management of Singapore's coastal environment and marine resources.     

Economic valuation for sustainable development in the Swedish coastal zone

The Swedish coastal zone is a scene of conflicting interests about various goods and services provided by nature. Open-access conditions and the public nature of many services increase the difficulty in resolving these conflicts. "Sustainability" is a vague but widely accepted guideline for finding reasonable trade-offs between different interests. The UN view of sustainable development suggests that coastal zone management should aim at a sustainable ecological, economic, and social-cultural development. Looking closer at economic sustainability, it is observed that economic analyses about whether changes in society imply a gain or a loss should take into account the economic value of the environment. Methods used for making such economic valuation in the context of the Swedish coastal zone are briefly reviewed. It is noted that the property rights context matters for the results of a valuation study. This general background is followed by a concise presentation of the design and results of four valuation studies on Swedish coastal zone issues. One study is on the economic value of an improved bathing water quality in the Stockholm archipelago. The other studies are a travel cost study about the economic value of improved recreational fisheries in the Stockholm archipelago, a replacement cost study on the value of restoring habitats for sea trout, and a choice experiment study on the economic value of improved water quality along the Swedish westcoast.     

Vanishing seagrass (Zostera marina, L.) in Swedish coastal waters

Along the Swedish Skagerrak coast eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a dominant phanerogam on shallow soft bottoms. Eelgrass meadows are important biotopes for many crustacean and fish species being either migratory or stationary. During the 1980s, inventories of the shallow coastal areas with eelgrass have been carried out along the Swedish west coast as a basis for coastal zone management. In the present study we revisited 2000 ha of eelgrass meadows in 5 coastal regions along 200 km of the Skagerrak coast. The inventory was made with the same methods (aquascope) as during the 1980s, but increasing the mapping accuracy by using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The results from this study show that the areal extension of Zostera marina has decreased 58% in 10-15 years with great regional variations. The decline was mainly restricted to the shallow parts of the meadow. The causes and ecological consequences are discussed.     

Status and interconnections of selected environmental issues in the global coastal zones

This study focuses on assessing the state of population distribution, land cover distribution, biodiversity hotspots, and protected areas in global coastal zones. The coastal zone is defined as land within 100 km of the coastline. This study attempts to answer such questions as: how crowded are the coastal zones, what is the pattern of land cover distribution in these areas, how much of these areas are designated as protected areas, what is the state of the biodiversity hotspots, and what are the interconnections between people and coastal environment. This study uses globally consistent and comprehensive geospatial datasets based on remote sensing and other sources. The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) layering methods and consistent datasets has made it possible to identify and quantify selected coastal zones environmental issues and their interconnections. It is expected that such information provide a scientific basis for global coastal zones management and assist in policy formulations at the national and international levels.     

Mapping Biological Resources in the Coastal Zone: An Evaluation of Methods in a Pioneering Study from Norway

For many years, the planning and management of terrestrial areas has been supported by a detailed knowledge of the distribution of habitats and their associated species. However, the detailed mapping of biological resources in extent coastal areas, such as the Norwegian coastal zone, is unrealistic due to its enormous coastline. Here, we present a useful and feasible approach and a set of simple, cost-effective methods which are suitable for providing a broad-scale overview of marine habitats and fish resources. This approach was developed in conjunction with a pioneer study conducted along the southern coast of the Skagerrak, where we combined knowledge gathered from local fishermen with scientific knowledge of important species and nature types to establish a coastal sea mapping program. GIS modeling tools were used in both the mapping program and to integrate local and scientific knowledge into digital maps made available to local area management. This multi-faceted approach, which combines local knowledge and scientific methods, provides valuable information with respect to marine biodiversity, and has been used extensively by local environmental management.