梅湾水库水环境状况分析及建议

基于梅湾水库2016年水质逐月监测数据,采用单因子评价法和综合营养状态指数法对水库水质和富营养化状况进行了评价,并对主要环境因子的相关性及水库污染源进行了分析。结果表明:梅湾水库总体水质为Ⅳ类,超标污染物为总磷,属轻度污染。水库水质除11月符合Ⅲ类标准外,其余月份稳定在Ⅳ类。而总氮全年处于劣Ⅴ类水平。水库冬春季为中营养状态,夏秋季为轻度富营养状态,总体上处于轻度富营养状态。叶绿素a与水温、高锰酸盐指数之间两两正相关,相关性极显著,但与N、P相关性不显著。总氮与高锰酸盐指数、水温之间显著正相关。同时,针对库区污染源提出了相应的环境整治建议。     

三峡库区澎溪河营养盐时空变化特征及富营养化评价

为考察三峡库区澎溪河营养盐的时空分布特征及营养状态,于2013~2014年对澎溪河不同断面透明度、高锰酸盐指数以及总氮、氨氮、总磷、叶绿素a的含量进行取样调查,对营养盐的时空变化特征进行分析,结合相关性分析,利用单因子法和综合营养状态指数法评价水体营养盐结构和营养状态。结果发现,澎溪河营养盐具有明显的季节差异性和空间分布差异性。相关性分析表明澎溪河上游河段叶绿素a含量与透明度、高锰酸盐指数、总氮含量、总磷含量的线性相关性不显著,而中段高阳渡口叶绿素a含量与总磷含量呈极显著正相关。单因子法评价结果显示,澎溪河水质为Ⅱ~Ⅲ类。水体综合营养状态指标范围为56~135,处于富营养至重度富营养化状态之间;春季3~5月及秋季10月,部分断面富营养化状态极高。     

升钟水库近十年水质演变趋势及富营养化治理对策

根据2006~2017年水质监测数据资料,对升钟水库水质和营养化状态变化进行分析,探讨了水库水质演变规律、富营养化发展趋势及主要影响因子,同时利用线性回归模型和累积概率密度模型对升钟水库富营养化未来5年的发展趋势进行风险预测。结果表明:升钟水库水质呈上升趋势,水质状态为Ⅱ类。综合营养状态指数显示水库营养状态由富营养逐步向中营养转变,水体中的总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数呈显著下降趋势,分析表明总磷是升钟湖富营养化的关键限制因子,未来5年内升钟水库的大坝断面有富营养化的中度风险(58.78%)。为控制环境风险,针对性提出防治升钟水库富营养化的对策和建议。     

长沙湘江枢纽库区蓄水前后水质营养状态变化趋势

为了全面揭示湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水上游长沙段的水环境参数变化规律,选取判断水体富营养化的重要指标:COD_(Mn)、氨氮、总磷3个参数作为分析对象。选取湘江特大桥前端至三叉矶大桥后端各断面水体为研究对象,对长沙市饮用水水源水质营养状况进行蓄水前后对比分析。根据总体数据分析,高锰酸盐指数、氨氮含量随着湘江上游往下游逐级上升,总磷含量的变化则呈现为上下游高,中游低的趋势。蓄水后水质较蓄水前水质有所改善,部分检测断面对应营养状态等级从"中营养"降为了"贫营养"。     

四川大学江安校区景观水体水质特征分析

本文以四川大学江安校区景观水体为研究对象,通过近一年,共6次的水质监测采样,研究氨氮、总磷、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数等水质指标的时空分布特征及变化规律并进行单因子评价。分析了水体富营养化和湖中鱼类的死亡原因并讨论了餐厅排污的影响。研究结果表明:总磷、氨氮和溶解氧是主要污染指标,可导致"水华"、死鱼等问题。最后,提出了相应的治理对策与措施建议。     

眉山市东坡区乡镇饮用水水源地富营养化状况分析

基于2016年2月、5月、8月和10月的水质监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数和营养状态指数对东坡区10个乡镇饮用水水源地进行了富营养化评价与分析。结果表明:各乡镇饮用水水源地除1个水库为中营养状态外,其余9个水库均为轻度富营养状态。各水库枯水期的富营养化程度全年同比最低。10个水库的水质均劣于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准。水质超标及富营养化的主要污染因子为TN,主要污染来源是农业面源污染和生活污染。     

淄博田庄水库水质分布特征与富营养化评价

根据田庄水库的自然地理和水文特征，作者选择7个监测点，定量监测了水库和入库河段的水质分布特征，并采用卡森水质营养状态指数法和特里指数法对水库富营养化情况进行综合评价。研究结果表明，在所有监测点中NH4^＋-N、TN、TP均严重超标，田庄水库现状水体已经达到轻度富营养化水平；从入库、库区至出库的表层水体中，TP的浓度逐渐降低；除DO外，在水库的垂直剖面上，其他指标浓度随深度的增加呈增加的趋势。     

紫坪铺水库水质及水体富营养化状况分析

为了探究紫坪铺水库水质情况和富营养化状态变化情况,于2012年1月至2016年12月每月对水库四个监测点位进行采样分析,基于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)水质评价、综合营养状态指数(TLI)等方法,分析水质情况和水体富营养化的时间和空间变化情况。结果表明:①年平均水质指标中:溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮主要为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类水质,总氮为Ⅲ类水质,总磷除2016年为Ⅳ类水质外其余年份均为Ⅲ类水质;②TLI年均值主要呈逐年升高趋势,但最高值为29.63;③TLI值空间分布特征为:库头﹥入湖库口﹥库中﹥库尾,时间分布特征为:5月、6月、7月、8月﹥1月、2月、3月、4月、9月﹥10月、11月、12月(丰水期﹥平水期﹥枯水期)。研究显示,紫坪铺水库水质整体主要处于湖库地表水Ⅲ类水质和贫营养化状态。     

陡河水库浮游植物群落结构变化与营养状态分析

为了判断陡河水体的营养状态,为水体修复提供理论基础,采用浮游生物定量方法对陡河水库水体中浮游植物群种类、数量进行分析,研究不同环境条件下水体中浮游植物的优势种群及变化规律。结果表明:浮游植物共有7个门,45种以上,是绿藻+硅藻型的群落结构类型,并有比较稳定的隐藻、金藻和蓝藻种类,浮游植物的细胞密度在100万个/L以上。综合来看,陡河水库水体处于轻度富营养状态。     

南充市嘉陵江干流高锰酸盐指数和氨氮动态变化及影响因素

为更好地掌握南充市嘉陵江干流主要污染物质的情况,使用2011～2015年南充市嘉陵江干流3个主要断面的监测数据,采用Pearson相关性分析、单因子水质标识指数等方法进行分析和探讨了氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的动态趋势及引起变化的因素。结果显示:五年来,3个监测点的DO和p H达到Ⅲ类标准,且变化基本稳定。南充段嘉陵江干流沙溪站(入境断面)有机污染物质在逐年减少,进入南充境内清泉寺站(控制断面)受到了轻微的污染,出境断面烈面站的受轻度污染程度均高于其余两个断面。丰水期和平水期,高锰酸盐指数增大,而氨氮含量呈下降趋势;枯水期两项指标增减趋势相同。五年中3个自动监测站的高锰酸盐指数和氨氮监测数据均达到Ⅲ类水质标准内,其中沙溪监测点水质最好。2011～2015年南充段嘉陵江水质状况整体保持良好,但烈面(出境)的两项指标有上升趋势,应加强对清泉寺水源地的防护,进一步加强对出境断面的污染治理。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.