电磁辐射环境的潜在致突变水平

通过蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验,对微波通信基站和广播电台周围环境电磁辐射水平进行监测,了解了不同电磁辐射强度与蚕豆根尖细胞微核率之间的关系。指出较强电磁辐射水平对蚕豆根尖微核率的形成具有显著影响,电磁辐射环境可能存在潜在的致突变危险。建议国家有关部门应尽快对有关场所中的电磁辐射环境,以及对公众健康影响的问题作深入研究,制定可操作性法规,并明确界定有关场所可执行的标准,使建筑物高层电磁辐射环境污染得到有效地控制和管理。     

氯仿,四氯化碳对蚕豆根尖细胞微核诱发效应的比较研究

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核方法检测氯仿、四氯化碳的诱变效应，结果表明，氯仿从０．０１ｇ／Ｌ至１．０各浓度组微核率明显高于阴性对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），亦高于阳性对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），四氯化碳从０．０１ｇ／Ｌ至１．０ｇ／Ｌ各浓度组微核率同样明显高于阴性及阳性对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），且同一浓度的２种药物诱发微核率比较，氯仿高于四氯化碳，差异非常显著，说明氯仿的诱变活性强于四氯化碳。     

凉水河丰台段水质毒性监测与评价

用大型溲运动及生存抑制试验和蚕豆根尖微核技术监测北京凉水河水质毒性，监测结果表明，凉水河６个采样点的河水对大型溲运动均有不同程度抑制作用和致死作用；河水的蚕豆根尖微核率也明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０１），揭示凉水河河水不仅具有一般的急性毒性，还存在一定程度的遗传毒性。     

焦化废水对蚕豆毒性的研究

以COD作为主要参照指标，研究了焦化废水在符合《钢铁工业水污染物排放标准》（GB13456-92）焦化一级、二级排放标准限值要求时，对蚕豆幼芽、幼根生长和根尖细胞遗传损伤的影响。结果表明，经处理达标后的焦化废水长时间作用于蚕豆时，蚕豆幼芽和幼根质量会受到影响，焦化废水会引起蚕豆细胞的遗传损伤。该废水诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核率增加，出现核固缩，诱导蚕豆细胞根尖染色体断裂、粘连和染色体桥数量增加，破坏染色体的结构和遗传稳定性。     

蚕豆根尖微核致突变性试验标准修订背景研究

介绍了蚕豆根尖微核致突变性试验及相关微核试验方法的起源和应用情况,重点比较了国内外技术方法在适用范围、受试生物、试验条件参数等方面的差异。在此基础上,对分析仪器发展前景进行了展望,对方法在环境监测管理中的潜在应用方向提出了建议。     

用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测乌鲁木齐河水质

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对乌鲁木齐水质进行检测，测定各样点水样诱导的蚕豆根尖微核千分率及综合污染指数，并进行Ｆ检验，结果表明，各样点ＭＣＮ‰有显著性差异，２０个样点中有１１个样点 的综合污染指数大于２，４个样点水样的综合污染指数大于３．５，和对照组相比有显著差异。所获得数据表明乌鲁木齐河水质受到较为了严重的致突变性污染。     

稀有鮈鲫外周血红细胞微核试验方法研究

将稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)半静态暴露于重铬酸钾溶液中,研究发现稀有鮈鲫的本底微核率处于较低的水平,重铬酸钾在不同浓度和时间暴露后能明显观察到外周血红细胞微核增加。在一定条件下存在剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系,表明稀有鮈鲫可用于鱼类外周血红细胞微核试验。试验中每尾鱼观察15000个细胞,能有效地减小试验偏差,保证试验结果的可靠性。暴露浓度大于等于0.01mg/L时,染毒组与空白组的外周血红细胞微核率有显著性差异,其微核率随染毒时间的延长呈先升高后下降的趋势,均在24h时出现所有测定时间微核率的峰值。与其他鱼类比较显示,稀有鮈鲫具有较高的敏感性,可用于遗传毒物诱发微核的监测。     

蚕豆根尖微核技术的初步探讨

蚕豆根尖微核技术是一种新的生物监测方法,可用于水质、土壤、大气的污染监测,与紫露草微核相比,有设备简单、节省人力、物力等优点;灵敏性强、本底数稳定等特点。 在化学、物理因素的作用下,细胞的染色体受损,引起染色体断裂、染色体落后。到细胞分裂的未期,染色体断片和落后染色体不移向两极,当形成子细胞时它们被细胞核排除在外,游离在细胞质之中。在间期细胞中形成一至几个小核,称为微核,其直径大小多为主核的二十分之一至五分之一。     

用紫露草微核技术监测污水初探

紫露草微核监测不同于理化监测,它反映的是环境污染中诱度因子对生物细胞遗传物质DNA的作用强度。微核率的大小反映出污染物对生物体影响程度的大小,本文初探该法用于污水监测。     

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测环境致突变物的研究进展

综述了国内外应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测环境突变物的研究。表明：蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术经济，简单，可靠且实验条件要求不高，应予推广使用。对该技术存在的一些问题也应引起注意，需进一步深入研究。     

The equivalence of diffusive samplers to reference methods for monitoring O3, benzene and NO2 in ambient air

A study of the equivalence to the reference methods of the Radiello samplers for ozone (O(3)) and benzene as well as the membrane-closed Palmes tube (MCPT) for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) is presented. These samplers benefit from new model equations capable of estimating their uptake rate. For O(3), the aim here was to demonstrate the equivalence for the reference period of 8 h and 120 microg m(-3), the target value of the 3rd European Daughter Directive. For benzene, the demonstration of equivalence to the annual limit value of 5 microg m(-3) of the 2nd European Daughter Directive was examined. In the case of NO(2), the equivalence to the annual limit value of the 1st European Daughter Directive (40 microg m(-3)) was considered. Results show that the radial sampler for O(3) fails to meet the Data Quality Objective (DQO) for continuous monitoring. However, with an expanded uncertainty of less than 30%, the O(3) diffusive sampler fulfils the DQO for indicative measurements. For benzene, the Radiello sampler exposed for 7 days gave satisfying results showing the ability of the sampler to meet the DQO of the reference method. Nevertheless, the field tests should be complemented by measurements for a wider range of benzene concentrations. In the case of NO(2), all the results of the laboratory and field experiments respected the requirements necessary for the demonstration of equivalence. Overall, these findings thus show that the Radiello sampler and the MCPT are equivalent to the reference methods only for assessment of benzene and NO(2), respectively.     

Can NO(2) be used to indicate ambient and personal levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene in air?

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between two toxic volatile organic compounds, 1,3-butadiene and benzene, and a commonly used indicator of vehicle exhaust fumes, NO(2). This was to see if NO(2) can be used to indicate personal exposure to carcinogenic substances or at least estimate ambient levels measured at a stationary point. During the winter of 2001, 40 randomly selected persons living in the City of Umea (in the north of Sweden) were recruited to the study. Personal measurements of 1,3-butadiene, benzene and NO(2) were performed for one week, and were repeated for 20 of the 40 participants. Additional information was gathered using a diary kept by each participant. During the same time period weekly stationary measurements were performed at one urban background station and one street station in the city centre. The results from the personal measurements showed a negligible association of NO(2) with 1,3-butadiene (r= 0.06) as well as with benzene (r= 0.10), while the correlation coefficient between 1,3-butadiene and benzene was high and significant (r= 0.67). In contrast to the personal measurements, the stationary measurements showed strong relations between 1,3-butadiene, benzene and NO(2) both within and in-between the street and urban background station. This study supports NO(2) as a potential indicator for 1,3-butadiene and benzene levels in streets or urban background air, while the weak relations found for the personal measurements do not support the use of NO(2) as an indicator for personal 1,3-butadiene and benzene exposure.     

基于8—羟基喹啉与NO^—2—磺胺重氮盐的偶联反应示波极谱法测定NO^—2

研究了８－羟基喹啉与ＮＯ＾－２－碘胺重氮盐偶联反应的条件及其产物的极谱行为。二阶导数波高与ＮＯ＾－２的浓度在０．００２－０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ内呈良好的线性关系，回收率为９８％－１０３％，已用于环境水样中ＮＯ＾－２的测定。     

室内空气污染调查

为了解室内空气污染状况，广州市环境监测中心站对刚装修不久的10套私人居室和5家单位办公室的室内空气进行了监测。结果表明，甲醛、苯、NH3、NOx浓度超标，最高超标倍数分别为：甲醛22.0倍，苯3.01倍，NH3 2.58倍，NOx0.30倍。指出，这些污染物主要来源于装修材料和建筑材料，会对人体健康造成危害。提出，为防止室内空气污染，应从源头抓起，装修时尽量选用低毒或无毒的材料，装修后的居室或办公室要保持通风，以降低室内污染物浓度，进驻前请有关权威部门进行监测评估。另外可在室内摆放绿色植物，以吸附一些有毒化合物。     

Spatial analysis and land use regression of VOCs and NO2 in Dallas, Texas during two seasons

Passive air sampling for nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was conducted at 24 fire stations and a compliance monitoring site in Dallas, Texas, USA during summer 2006 and winter 2008. This ambient air monitoring network was established to assess intra-urban gradients of air pollutants to evaluate the impact of traffic and urban emissions on air quality. Ambient air monitoring and GIS data from spatially representative fire station sites were collected to assess spatial variability. Pairwise comparisons were conducted on the ambient data from the selected sites based on city section. These weeklong samples yielded NO(2) and benzene levels that were generally higher during the winter than the summer. With respect to the location within the city, the central section of Dallas was generally higher for NO(2) and benzene than north and south. Land use regression (LUR) results revealed spatial gradients in NO(2) and selected VOCs in the central and some northern areas. The process used to select spatially representative sites for air sampling and the results of analyses of coarse- and fine-scale spatial variability of air pollutants on a seasonal basis provide insights to guide future ambient air exposure studies in assessing intra-urban gradients and traffic impacts.     

Atmospheric benzene depletion by soil microorganisms

Gaseous benzene was rapidly depleted in exposure chambers containing viable soils and plants. When separate components of the system were analyzed, no benzene was detected in soils, plants, or water. Soil microorganisms were shown to be responsible for metabolizing benzene, yielding CO₂ as the main product. The rates were sufficiently rapid to suggest that this reaction forms a major pathway for the elimination of benzene from the environment.This work was sponsored and conducted at the Environmental Protection Agency-Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.     

顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水和废水中8种苯系物

采用顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法(HS-GC/MS)测定水和废水中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、异丙苯、苯乙烯等8种苯系物,优化了分析条件,讨论了色谱柱极性、加热温度、平衡时间和进样次数对测定结果的影响。8种苯系物在1.00μg/L～1 000μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.22μg/L～0.38μg/L,实际样品平行测定的相对标准偏差5.0%,加标回收率在86.0%～115%之间。     

Laboratory and field comparison of measurements obtained using the available diffusive samplers for ozone and nitrogen dioxide in ambient air

This study presents an evaluation of the extent of differences between measurements performed by O(3) and NO(2) diffusive samplers and by the reference methods for diffusive samplers commercially available. The tests were performed in an exposure chamber under extreme conditions of controlling factors and under field conditions. For NO(2), the results of the laboratory experiments showed that most of the diffusive samplers were affected by extreme exposure conditions. The agreement between the samplers and the reference method was better for the field tests than for the laboratory ones. The estimate of the uptake rate for the exposure conditions using a model equation improved the agreement between the diffusive samplers and the reference methods. The agreement between O(3) measured by the diffusive samplers and by the reference method was satisfactory for 1-week exposure. For 8-hour exposures, the diffusive samplers with high uptake rates quantified better the O(3) concentration than the samplers with low uptake rates. As for NO(2), the results of the O(3) field tests were in better agreement with the reference method than the ones of the laboratory tests. The field tests showed that the majority of diffusive samplers fulfils the 25% uncertainty requirement of the NO(2) European Directive and the 30% uncertainty requirement of the O(3) European Directive for 1-week exposure.     

Differences between weekend and weekday ozone levels over rural and urban sites in Southern Italy

Air quality data from a network of 11 monitoring stations in the Apulia region of southern Italy during the summer of 2005 reveal a high frequency of ozone law limit violations. Since ozone is a secondary pollutant, air quality control strategies aimed at reducing ozone concentration are not immediate. Herein, we analyse weekly changes in concentration levels of ozone (O(3)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and evaluate how the differences in primary emissions cause changes in the production of ozone. The comparison between weekend and weekday levels of O(3) and its precursors are direct evidence for the existence of the "ozone weekend effect." This effect was observed at all stations with a considerable variation in the overall ozone magnitude, including both traffic stations and non-traffic stations. Data from VOC measurements at traffic stations primarily indicated elevated levels of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX); all of these substances showed an overall decrease over the weekend. A single station indicated levels of non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) and PM10, both of which did not demonstrate any weekly cycle. Analysis of weekly and diurnal cycles of O(3), NO(x), CO, NMHC, and PM10 indicates that higher weekend ozone levels result from a reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides on weekends in VOC-sensitive regimes. This indicates that a reduction in VOC and NO(x) levels would be more effective than NO(x) reduction alone. Our results underscore the need for improved and more efficient VOC measurements.