污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响因素

污水生物处理过程中产生大量剩余污泥, 通常采用厌氧发酵处理并获取甲烷气体. 产氢产酸是污泥厌氧消化过程中的一个中间阶段. 本研究考察了原污泥和经碱处理的污泥在不同初始pH(3.0～12.5)条件下的产氢效果, 以及污泥性质和污泥浓度等对产氢效果的影响. 结果表明, 当初始pH为11.0时污泥发酵的产氢率达到最大值.采用原污泥发酵产氢时, 在初始pH为11.0的条件下发酵产氢获得的最大产氢率为8.1 mL/g, 而经碱处理的污泥在同样初始pH的条件下发酵产氢可将其产氢率提高一倍左右, 达到16.9 mL/g. 污泥经碱处理后厌氧发酵4d无甲烷产生, 且可有效地降低氢气消耗的速率. 另外, 污泥的VSS/SS值过低时会大大降低污泥的产氢率, 而污泥浓度对产氢率无明显影响.     

Importance of storage time in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

Storage was used as a pretreatment to enhance the methanization performance of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Food wastes were separately stored for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 days, and then fed into a methanogenic reactor for a biochemical methane potential(BMP) test lasting up to 60 days. Relative to the methane production of food waste stored for 0–1 day(285–308 m L/g-added volatile solids(VSadded)), that after2–4 days and after 5–12 days of storage increased to 418–530 and 618–696 m L/g-VSadded,respectively. The efficiency of hydrolysis and acidification of pre-stored food waste in the methanization reactors increased with storage time. The characteristics of stored waste suggest that methane production was not correlated with the total hydrolysis efficiency of organics in pre-stored food waste but was positively correlated with the storage time and acidification level of the waste. From the results, we recommend 5–7 days of storage of food waste in anaerobic digestion treatment plants.     

我国工业危险废物的来源、处理及监管对策与建议

通过大量环境统计数据的分析,对我国工业危险废物的产生、综合利用、处置和贮存,从行业来源、区域分布进行了分析和总结。结合我国工业危险废物企业自建设施和政府集中处理设施处理情况,对我国工业危险废物的处理和环保监管对策提出了若干建议。     

微波及其组合工艺强化污泥厌氧消化研究

为提高剩余污泥的厌氧消化效能和脱水性能,考察了微波及其组合污泥预处理工艺的强化污泥厌氧消化效果,同时考察了预处理-厌氧消化过程的污泥理化特征及其脱水性能.结果表明,微波及其组合工艺可以强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷,其中微波-过氧化氢-碱(0.2)的强化效果最为显著,不仅30 d累计产甲烷量比对照组增加了13.34%,而且产甲烷速率也得到了提升.与单独微波处理相比,过氧化氢、碱的投加显著提高了溶解性COD的释放量,这表明微波、过氧化氢、碱之间的协同作用能有效破碎污泥,进而强化厌氧消化效果;微波-酸预处理后的污泥具有良好的脱水性能,毛细吸水时间(CST)只有9.85 s,污泥脱水性能的改善与其表面电性、粒径分布的变化密切相关;不同预处理条件下的污泥经过厌氧消化后,污泥脱水性能较为接近.     

Preliminary study of acrylamide monomer decomposition during methane fermentation of dairy waste sludge

Polyacrylamide(PAM) used in sludge dewatering exists widely in high-solid anaerobic digestion. Acrylamide is registered in the list of chemicals demonstrating toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Therefore, it is reasonable to ask about the mobility of such residual substances in the environment. The study was carried out to assess the impact of the mesophilic(39 ± 1°C) and thermophilic(54 ± 1°C) fermentation process on the level of acrylamide monomer(AMD) content in the dairy sludge. The material was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) for quantification of AMD. The results indicate that the process of methane fermentation continues regardless of the temperature effects on the degradation of AMD in dairy sludge. The degree of reduction of acrylamide monomer for thermophilic fermentation is 100%, while for mesophilic fermentation it is91%. In practice, this means that biogas technology eliminates the risk of AMD migration to plant tissue. Moreover, it should be stressed that 90% of cumulative biogas and methane production was reached one week earlier under thermophilic conditions — the dynamics of the methanisation process were over 20% faster.     

CaO对高浓度污泥厌氧消化性能的影响机理及动力学分析

为解决高固体浓度污泥厌氧消化水解速率慢的问题,采用CaO对高固体浓度污泥进行碱解预处理。采用粒径分析及溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖浓度监测考察碱解预处理前后污泥物理化学特性的变化,评估碱解预处理对高固体浓度污泥厌氧消化产甲烷潜力及有机物降解规律的影响,研究不同碱量下EPS、细胞壁和细胞膜破解程度对厌氧消化性能的影响机理,分析厌氧消化过程的动力学特性。结果显示:CaO碱解预处理高固体浓度污泥后,污泥粒径变化不明显,而溶解性COD、蛋白质和多糖的浓度均有增加;碱解预处理的破解程度随着碱投加量的增加而增加;碱解预处理后,高固体浓度厌氧消化的累积甲烷产率提升了22.9%~34.8%;分析机理低碱量预处理时只能释放EPS中的有机质,从而促进厌氧消化的累积甲烷产率,而高碱量预处理时,EPS内的有机质和胞内聚合物都得到释放,使累积甲烷产率增加。动力学研究结果表明:碱解预处理可以显著提高污泥甲烷产率,加快厌氧消化速率,并明显缩短延滞期。     

酸-碱预处理促进剩余污泥厌氧消化的研究

为提高剩余污泥的厌氧消化效率,投加酸和碱对污泥进行预处理,对比分析了不同预处理方式（单独碱处理、酸-碱处理和碱-酸处理）对污泥水解酸化的影响,并研究了各种预处理方式对后续厌氧消化产甲烷效率的影响.结果表明,单独碱处理的溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）溶出量比酸碱联合处理要大16%左右,预处理第8 d,达到5 406.1 mg.L-1.采用先酸（pH 4.0,4d）后碱（pH 10.0,4 d）预处理,在污泥水解酸化过程中,乙酸产量及其占总短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）的质量分数均高于其他预处理方式,其乙酸产量（以COD/VSS计）可达到74.4 mg.g-1,占总SCFAs的60.5%.酸-碱预处理后污泥混合液的C∶N比值为25左右,C∶P比值在35～40之间,这比单独碱处理和碱-酸处理后的C∶N和C∶P比值更有利于后续厌氧消化.通过对比研究发现,酸-碱预处理后,厌氧消化到第15 d,酸-碱预处理污泥的累积甲烷产量（CH4/VSS加入）达到136.1 mL.g-1,分别是空白对照、碱-酸预处理和单独碱预处理方式的2.5、1.7和1.6倍,厌氧消化效率最高.经过8 d酸-碱预处理和15 d的厌氧消化,挥发性悬浮固体（VSS）总去除率达到60.9%,污泥减量效果比其他预处理要好.很显然,酸-碱预处理方式更有利于污泥厌氧消化及污泥减量化.     

The effect of salinity on waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation and kinetic analysis

The effect of salinity on sludge alkaline fermentation at low temperature(20°C) was investigated, and a kinetic analysis was performed. Different doses of sodium chloride(Na Cl, 0–25 g/L) were added into the fermentation system. The batch-mode results showed that the soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased with salinity. The hydrolysate(soluble protein, polysaccharide) and the acidification products(short chain fatty acids(SCFAs), NH+4–N, and PO_4~(3-)–P) increased with salinity initially, but slightly declined respectively at higher level salinity(20 g/L or 20–25 g/L). However, the hydrolytic acidification performance increased in the presence of salt compared to that without salt.Furthermore, the results of Haldane inhibition kinetics analysis showed that the salt enhanced the hydrolysis rate of particulate organic matter from sludge particulate and the specific utilization of hydrolysate, and decreased the specific utilization of SCFAs. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated that the importance of polysaccharide on the accumulation of SCFAs was reduced with salt addition, but the importance of protein and NH+4–N on SCFA accumulation was increased.     

Potassium ferrate pretreatment promotes short chain fatty acids yield and antibiotics reduction in acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge

During the acidogenic fermentation converting waste activated sludge (WAS) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), hydrolysis of complex organic polymers is a limiting step and the transformation of harmful substances (such as antibiotics) during acidogenic fermentation is unknown. In this study, potassium ferrate (K₂FeO₄) oxidation was used as a pretreatment strategy for WAS acidogenic fermentation to increase the hydrolysis of sludge and destruct the harmful antibiotics. Pretreatment with K₂FeO₄ can effectively increase the SCFA production during acidogenic fermentation and change the distribution of SCFA components. With the dosage of 0.2 g/g TS, the maximum SCFA yield was 4823 mg COD/L, which is 28.3 times that of the control group; acetic acid accounts for more than 90% of the total SCFA. The higher dosage (0.5 g/g TS) can further increase the proportion of acetic acid, but inhibit the overall performance of SCFA production. Apart from the promotion of hydrolysis and acidogenesis, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also simultaneously oxidizes and degrades part of the antibiotics in the sludge. When the dosage is 0.5 g/g TS, the degradation efficacy of antibiotics is the most significant, and the contents of ofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline in the sludge are reduced by 69%, 42%, and 50%, respectively. In addition, K₂FeO₄ pretreatment can also promote the release of antibiotics from sludge flocs, which is conducive to the simultaneous degradation of antibiotics in the subsequent biological treatment process.     

废铁屑对剩余污泥厌氧消化特性的影响

为探明废铁屑（RSI）对中温厌氧消化特性的影响,利用RSI为外源添加剂研究其投加对剩余污泥厌氧消化水解酸化、产气效率以及污泥表面形态的影响.结果表明:①剩余污泥酸化水解产物VFAs的主要成分是乙酸,其含量随RSI投加量的增加呈先升后降的趋势.②RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进乙、丁酸型发酵,抑制丙酸型发酵,进而提高剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.③当RSI投加量分别为0、1、5、10、20和30 g/L时,累积甲烷产率分别为135.4、141.9、159.2、178.9、209.3和180.7 mL/g（以VS计）,甲烷含量分别为51.2%~56.4%、53.9%~58.6%、58.1%~62.5%、59.5%~68.3%、61.1%~71.2%和51.9%~61.4%.RSI最佳投加量为20 g/L,与空白组相比,累积甲烷产率和甲烷含量分别提升了54.6%和23.0%.④结合扫描电镜-X射线能谱（SEM-EDX）分析方法发现,在厌氧消化过程中微生物可促进RSI的溶解,且随RSI投加量的增加,消化污泥表面的铁元素含量也随之增加.⑤RSI的投加会提高蛋白酶和纤维素酶的活性,但若投加量过高则会产生负面效应.研究显示,外源添加剂RSI投加量适中（不超过20 g/L）时可促进剩余污泥厌氧消化效率.      

腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化的影响及其屏蔽方法

《巴黎气候协定》的签署意味着污水处理碳中和运行时代的来临,这就需要将剩余污泥尽可能最大程度地转化为可再生能源—甲烷(CH4).细胞破壁、木质纤维素破稳及腐殖质解抑制是提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率的主要技术手段.相对于细胞与木质纤维素,腐殖质不仅结构更为复杂、自身难以生物降解,而且还会抑制其它有机物水解.虽然腐殖质亦有促进酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷过程的微弱可能,但它对水解过程的抑制是肯定的、显著的、难以逆转的.因此,需要深入了解污泥中腐殖质来源、形成、结构及性质,综合分析它对污泥厌氧消化水解、酸化、产氢/乙酸、产甲烷阶段的各种影响,探讨消除腐殖质抑制水解过程的不同技术路径,重点描述外加金属离子对腐殖质的屏蔽作用.以期为提高污泥厌氧消化能源转化率制定可行的技术路线.     

热水解污泥-香蕉秸秆改善厌氧消化性能实验

采用添加高有机质含量的香蕉秸秆协同厌氧以及高温高压热水解预处理的方法,可显著提高低有机质污泥甲烷产率和厌氧消化性能。生化甲烷潜力实验结果表明:经过预处理后的污泥、香蕉秸秆及其混合物厌氧消化最大累积甲烷产量分别为388,372,537 mL/gVS,甲烷提升产量及协同效应显著。在污泥、香蕉秸秆及其混合物各自的最佳预处理条件下,甲烷产量达到80%的时间(T80)分别为12,19,17 d;SCOD溶出值分别为预处理前的14.4,2.8,5.9倍;厌氧消化结束后,SCOD去除率分别为93.7%、89.8%、94.5%;VS去除率分别为48.4%、48.8%、59.2%;热水解预处理使液相中溶解性蛋白质和VFA、溶解性多糖的浓度增加明显,分别为预处理前的14.5,5.1,8.2倍,随后的厌氧消化阶段的去除率分别为94.4%、94.9%和95.2%,稍高于单独厌氧消化的有机质降解率。     

碱处理玉米秸秆与超声预处理污泥混合厌氧消化效果研究

以碱处理玉米秸秆和超声预处理污泥为发酵原料,在恒温35±1℃及底物浓度为15 gVS/L的条件下,采用正常运行的大型沼气池沼液作为接种物,研究不同配比(VS污泥:VS秸秆分别为1:0、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4)对混合厌氧消化效果的影响.研究表明,VS污泥:VS秸秆的比例为1:2时累积产气量最高,VS产气率达到了472.33 mL·g-1,甲烷产量在发酵稳定后达到了60.52%.进一步研究得出,将超声预处理污泥与碱处理玉米秸秆按一定比例混合发酵可以将产气高峰提前.     

市政污泥与玉米秸秆混合高温厌氧发酵产甲烷研究

以实验室自主驯化的二沉池污水为接种物,对我国天津、昭通、太原3个城市的市政污泥和玉米秸秆混合物进行了高温(55℃)厌氧发酵,考察了不同发酵体系下发酵液pH、单日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷产率等指标随发酵时间的变化情况。结果表明:污泥单独发酵几乎不存在酸化现象,稳定后的发酵液pH值高于混合发酵试验组;污泥单独发酵系统的最大单日产气量出现在第1,2天,发酵系统加入玉米秸秆后最大单日产气量出现的时间有所延迟;天津污泥单独发酵(20 g-TS)的累积产气量达到2004 mL,高于其他2组;所有发酵系统的VS去除率均达到40%以上;随着发酵过程稳定,甲烷含量维持在70~85 vol.%,天津污泥单独发酵的甲烷产率达到141.01 mL/g-VS;Modified Gompertz拟合表明污泥单独发酵不符合"S"曲线,该系统下发酵停滞期较短,污泥与玉米秸秆质量比为3:1或2:1时甲烷产率、产甲烷速率和发酵停滞期具有一定优势。     

热水解时间对污泥厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构影响分析

为评估热水解时间对北京市大兴区某污水处理厂污泥厌氧消化系统微生物群落结构的影响,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序方法,分析了不同热水解时间（15、30和45 min）对初沉污泥和剩余活性污泥厌氧消化系统中微生物群落结构及其多样性的影响因素.结果表明,消化污泥优势类群主要分布在厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、阴沟单胞菌门（Cloacimonadota）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和同力菌门（Synergistota）,相对丰度之和超过60%,相对丰度最高菌属为W5,占比为20.8%~54.5%,表现为少数优势物种的高丰度特征.热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中,高挥发性脂肪酸和氨氮浓度导致嗜乙酸产甲烷菌相对丰度减少,嗜氢产甲烷途径多于嗜乙酸产甲烷途径.环境因子关联分析结果显示,消化进泥可溶蛋白质、消化进泥pH值、消化出泥氨氮和热水解时间是影响微生物群落结构的4个主要环境因子,其中消化出泥氨氮对产甲烷菌属的影响最大,呈负相关关系.热水解时间与Chao指数和Shannon指数均呈负相关,较长热水解时间不利于提高厌氧消化过程微生物菌群丰富度和多样性.     

Pseudomonas sp. GL1利用不同预处理污泥产氢及其底物变化研究

采用厌氧发酵的方法研究Pseudomonas sp.GL1利用灭菌、微波和超声波预处理污泥产氢效果,讨论3种预处理污泥产氢效果的差异,并对污泥发酵过程中底物性质变化(SCOD、可溶性蛋白质、总糖和pH值等)进行了探讨.实验结果显示,产氢菌Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵各预处理污泥过程中均只有H2和CO2产生,无CH4产生.3种不同预处理污泥同等条件下发酵,灭菌污泥的产氢效果最佳,氢气含量高达81.45%,产氢率为30.07mL·g-1.超声波处理污泥产氢延迟时间最短(3 h);灭菌污泥最长(15 h);微波预处理污泥为12 h.在预处理污泥发酵产氢过程中,各种污泥性质变化情况各不相同,尤其是灭菌污泥,这说明不同的预处理方法影响Pseudomonas sp.GL1发酵过程对污泥中营养物质的利用.     

Use of gamma-irradiation pretreatment for enhancement of anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge

The effects of γ-irradiation pretreatment on anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge was investigated in this paper. Parameters like solid components, soluble components, and biogas production of anaerobic digestion experiment for sewage sludge were measured. The values of these parameters were compared before and after γ-irradiation pretreatment. Total solid (TS), volatile solid (VS), suspended solid (SS), volatile suspended solid (VSS), and average floc size of samples decreased after γ-irradiation treatment. Besides, floc size distribution of sewage sludge shifted from 80–100 μm to 0–40 μm after γ-irradiation treatment at the doses from 0 to 30 kGy, which indicated the disintegration of sewage sludge. Moreover, microbe cells of sewage sludge were ruptured by γ-irradiation treatment, which resulted in the release of cytoplasm and increase of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). Both sludge disintegration and microbe cells rupture enhanced the subsequent anaerobic digestion process, which was demonstrated by the increase of accumulated biogas production. Compared with digesters fed with none irradiated sludge, the accumulated biogas production increased 44, 98, and 178 mL for digesters fed sludge irradiated at 2.48, 6.51, and 11.24 kGy, respectively. The results indicated that γ-irradiation pretreatment could effectively enhance anaerobic digestibility of sewage sludge, and correspondingly, could accelerate hydrolysis process, shorten sludge retention time of sludge anaerobic digestion process. __________ Translated from Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2006, 7(8): 36–39 [译自: 环境污染治理技术与设备]     

高温预处理强化污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化

污泥和餐厨垃圾共消化具有提高污泥稳定化的作用,为进一步强化污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化效果,提出高温预处理强化污泥与餐厨垃圾中温厌氧共消化的运行策略,并从宏观和微观2个层面探讨了共消化系统的运行机制。结果表明：污泥与餐厨垃圾经过1 d高温预处理后,其SCOD/TCOD从33.9%提高到65%;中温厌氧消化时的甲烷产率和有机物去除率高达0.54 L/g和78.8%(SRT=20 d)、0.76 L/g和56.6%(SRT=15 d),略高于某实际餐厨废弃物及市政污泥协同处理项目一期的0.53 L/g和53.5%,该项目采用150～170℃高温、1 MPa高压热水解进行预处理;采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术得出水解酸化菌属如Porphyromonadaceae、Draconibacteriaceae、Eubacterium和Romboutsia在高温预处理后的共消化系统中得到富集,促进了系统的水解和产酸过程,为系统中产甲烷菌Archaea提供了丰富的基质,强化了污泥与餐厨垃圾共消化产气效果。     

剩余污泥热碱处理及其对污泥厌氧消化的强化研究进展

剩余污泥的处理处置已成为污水处理厂面临的一个重大挑战。厌氧消化是一种常用的污泥处理方法。传统的污泥厌氧消化存在许多不足,而污泥热碱处理能使之改善。综述了近年来污泥热碱处理的研究,从热碱处理的机理出发,总结了热碱处理对污泥性质和厌氧消化的影响,分析了影响污泥热碱处理效果的因素,并通过能耗分析讨论了热碱处理强化污泥厌氧消化的可行性,最后指出污泥热碱处理及其强化污泥厌氧消化存在的问题,并提出了建议和展望。     

矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化的影响

通过向剩余污泥发酵系统中加入不同剂量的矿化垃圾的方法,探究了矿化垃圾对剩余污泥厌氧水解、酸化过程的影响.结果表明,添加1/3g/g TSS(总悬浮固体)剂量以内的矿化垃圾能显著提高WAS的水解、酸化过程,且矿化垃圾的最佳投加量为1/3g/g TSS,在此条件下,试验组SCOD/TCOD以及最大产酸量(183.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为6d)均高于空白组(79.45mg COD/g VSS,发酵时间为10d).机理研究表明,矿化垃圾能够促进污泥的溶解、蛋白质和多糖的水解以及氨基酸和葡萄糖的酸化.在投加矿化垃圾的反应体系中与水解、酸化有关酶的活性也均高于空白试验组,进一步证实了矿化垃圾能够强化污泥厌氧发酵的水解酸化反应.