A comparison of hydrocarbons emission from engine running 85￣＃gasoline and M－100 methanol fuel

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基于LCA的新能源轿车节能减排效果分析与评价

新能源汽车在行驶过程中具有节能、环保等优点,在我国目前汽车保有量激增、能耗总量和温室气体排放量不断增大,城市交通对城市空气污染贡献日益增加的情况下,应用和推广新能源汽车被视为替代传统汽车、减缓环境危害的重要工具,但其生产阶段的能耗及污染问题同样不容忽视.因此,本研究运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,选用美国阿贡国家实验室开发的GREET模型,对混合动力轿车、纯电动轿车、氢燃料电池轿车、E10乙醇汽油轿车4类新能源轿车在车辆制造、燃料及电力生产、行驶、拆解4个阶段的能耗及主要大气污染物排放进行了分析计算,并与传统汽油轿车进行比较.结果表明,同传统汽油轿车相比,4种新能源轿车的全生命周期能耗有不同程度的降低,其中,纯电动轿车在降低能耗方面最具优势.同时,4种新能源轿车全生命周期综合环境影响均低于传统汽油轿车,其中以氢燃料电池轿车的综合环境影响最小.     

MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放的影响

为研究MMT对GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度的影响,利用DMS500快速型微粒光谱仪,对一台增压缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机和一台自然吸气式气道喷射(PFI)汽油机燃用基础油以及在基础油中添加有机锰(MMT)的燃油的微粒排放特性进行了试验研究.结果表明:MMT的添加均会增加GDI、PFI汽油机的微粒排放,燃用不同含Mn量的燃油,各负荷下GDI汽油机的微粒数量浓度均明显高于PFI汽油机.中小负荷下GDI、PFI汽油机微粒排放数量浓度以及质量浓度均随着Mn含量的增加而上升.大负荷下,PFI汽油机微粒数量浓度随着Mn含量的增加而上升,但GDI汽油机则是在燃用不含Mn的燃油时微粒数量浓度最低,而后随着燃油中Mn含量的增加,超细微粒数量浓度的峰值反而逐步降低.GDI、PFI汽油机核模态与积聚模态微粒数量变化的规律相似.     

The influence of ambient temperature on tailpipe emissions from 1985 to 1987 model year light-duty gasoline motor vehicles—II

Tailpipe emissions from gasoline fieled motor vehicles are sensitive to a number of factors including driving schedule (speed vs time), ambient temperature and fuel composition. The sensitivity of hydrocarbon (HC), aldehyde, CO, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emissions to these variables was examined with 11 recent technology (1985–1987 model year) four- six- and eight-cylinder gasoline fueled motor vehicles. In excess of 200 individual HCs and 12 aldehydes were included in the detailed organic emission characterizations. Two fuels and driving schedules were used. Hydrocarbon and CO emissions increased significantly and NO_x emissions, in general, increased slightly as ambient temperature decreased. Formaldehyde also increased only slightly at test temperature decreased. Paraffin and aromatic emission fractions were dependent on fuel composition with olefin fraction being less fuel sensitive. When the low temperature cold start was preceded by a 5 min engine idle, CO and HC emissions were lowered, and NO_x emissions essentially unchanged.     

高压共轨主喷射时刻对柴油/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧和排放的影响

在一台四冲程六缸增压中冷的高压共轨柴油机上采用进气总管喷射无水甲醇的方式进行柴油/甲醇组合燃烧实验(DMCC).通过改变共轨柴油喷射的主喷射时刻以及甲醇的喷射量,对柴油机燃烧和尾气排放进行研究.试验发现,纯柴油模式下,压缩冲程缸压随着喷油提前角的减小而增大,推迟喷油,后燃期延长,排气压力增大.甲醇替代率为30%时,随着喷油提前角的增大,峰值缸压和峰值放热率均增大.在柴油/甲醇双燃料燃烧模式下主喷射时刻对减少柴油机氮氧化合物(NO_x)排放具有较好的作用,同一替代率情况下NO_x排放随着主喷射时刻的推后而减少;主喷射时刻对碳烟(Soot)排放的影响则比较复杂,纯柴油模式下碳烟的排放随着主喷射时刻的提前逐步减少,而柴油甲醇二元燃料燃烧(DMDF)模式下碳烟的排放则随着主喷射时刻的提前呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;DMDF模式下主喷射时刻提前CO、HC排放均降低,且替代率越大下降趋势越明显.     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

汽油加生物添加剂对发动机废气排放的影响研究

通过发动机的台架试验,系统研究了将一种热带植物提取物作为添加剂加入到不同成分的汽油中对汽油机废气排放特性的影响．结果表明：对于93^#高清洁汽油和93^#成分汽油,除了未燃碳氢(HC)略有上升外,其他排放物如氮氧化物NOx、一氧化碳等有所减少,CO2排放有明显的改善．对于乙醇汽油,则HC和CO2略有上升．     

基于燃料特性的汽油机颗粒物排放预测关系式

汽油机的颗粒物排放与所用燃料的性能密切相关.为评价燃料特性对汽油机颗粒物排放的影响,建立了一个简化PN指数(SPNI)关系式并进行了统计学检验.该指数包含T70(70%蒸馏温度)、重芳烃(碳数≥9)含量、终馏点温度和烯烃含量4个关键的燃料参数.在试验和分析过程中配制了代表不同地区市场油的20种模型燃料,并对其燃料参数进行了相关性分析和多元线性回归.发动机试验结果表明,各种典型运行模式下的发动机实际颗粒物数量(PN)排放均与SPNI呈现高度的相关性.与已有的详细PM指数相比,该模型计算更为简便,可操作性强.该简化PN指数可用于工程上评价不同汽油燃料的颗粒物排放潜势.     

On-board measurement of emissions from liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel powered passenger cars in Algeria

On-board measurements of unit emissions of CO,HC,NOx and CO2 were conducted on 17 private cars powered by different types of fuels including gasoline,dual gasoline–liquefied petroleum gas(LPG),gasoline,and diesel. The tests performed revealed the effect of LPG injection technology on unit emissions and made it possible to compare the measured emissions to the European Artemis emission model. A sequential multipoint injection LPG kit with no catalyst installed was found to be the most efficient pollutant reduction device for all of the pollutants,with the exception of the NOx. Specific test results for a sub-group of LPG vehicles revealed that LPG-fueled engines with no catalyst cannot compete with catalyzed gasoline and diesel engines. Vehicle age does not appear to be a determining parameter with regard to vehicle pollutant emissions. A fuel switch to LPG offers many advantages as far as pollutant emissions are concerned,due to LPG's intrinsic characteristics.However,these advantages are being rapidly offset by the strong development of both gasoline and diesel engine technologies and catalyst converters. The LPG's performance on a chassis dynamometer under real driving conditions was better than expected. The enforcement of pollutant emission standards in developing countries is an important step towards introducing clean technology and reducing vehicle emissions.     

Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.

Can a prolonged use of a passenger car reduce environmental burdens? Life Cycle analysis of Swiss passenger cars

As a consequence of the introduction of limits on exhaust gas emissions and a target agreement between the Swiss association of car importers (auto-schweiz) and the Swiss government calling for a reduction in the specific fuel consumption, a considerable reduction of exhaust emissions of newly registered Swiss passenger cars occurred in the last 10 years. Also, for the near future an ongoing reduction of exhaust emissions of newly registered vehicles is expected. However, applying the concept of life cycle thinking, exhaust emission reductions may be outbalanced with an increase in specific car manufacturing expenditures and/or a longer use of the car. Thus, from the point of view of an individual car owner, a prolonged car use may be the environmentally preferable option. In order to investigate this question, a comprehensive analysis of the environmental performance of newly registered diesel and petrol passenger cars in the time period from 2000 to 2010 has been performed. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been employed focusing on three transport components: ‘vehicle travel’ (exhaust and abrasion emissions), ‘fuel chain’ (supply of fuels) and ‘car infrastructure’ (manufacturing, maintenance and disposal of cars). The presented model aims to gain insight into the issue of longevity and prolonged car use for the Swiss case, rather than giving ultimate recommendations. The analysis focuses on classical road pollutants (NO_x and PM2.5) as well as on fuel consumption reduction and CO₂. Moreover, impact assessment has been applied, employing a common approach: Eco-Indicator (EI) 99. The ranking of different car replacement options revealed prolonged car use as the environmentally better option. As a consequence of the continuous use of the car representing 2000 average technology, the components ‘vehicle travel’ and ‘fuel chain’ show a 10% and 9% higher performance, respectively. This effect is compensated by savings in ‘car infrastructure’ (26%). Uncertainty analysis has been performed by additional model runs with different parameter settings. Despite the fact that a considerably prolonged car use scores best for all additional model runs, the resulting differences between options further decrease. This holds particularly true, if a higher yearly average fuel reduction rate of 3% is assumed. Furthermore, applying an avoided burden concept for infrastructure modeling (Value Corrected Substitution (VCS)) shows the same effect. In both cases the resulting scores differ merely marginally between the considered options and would not allow for discrimination.As a consequence of these outcomes, it is not possible to give any general recommendation to Swiss car owners to extend the use of their cars, in the short term.     

含氧生物质燃料的生命周期评价

为公正评价汽车代用燃料的能耗与环境效益,运用生命周期评价方法,研究了在燃料中分别添加不同比例的乙醇和甲酯2种生物质,带来的生命周期能耗和污染物排放变化,并对含氧生物质燃料的未来情景进行了预测分析.结果表明:乙醇代用燃料未降低化石燃料消耗,甲酯代用燃料可降低约20%的化石燃料消耗;几种配比的代用燃料均可降低石油消耗,甲酯代用燃料降低的趋势更加明显;各种代用燃料的温室气体排放都比较严重;乙醇代用燃料增加了NO_x排放,而甲酯代用燃料可降低约50%的NO_x排放;乙醇和甲酯的加入均能降低车用阶段的PM₁₀排放;燃料生产阶段的SO₂排放在整个生命周期中约占80%,必须严格控制;甲酯代用燃料可降低VOC排放.     

MMT对汽油机催化前后微粒排放的影响

在一台自然吸气式PFI汽油机上,开展了甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)汽油添加剂对发动机催化前后微粒数量浓度分布、粒径分布和质量浓度分布影响的试验,并研究了不同MMT含量对催化器催化效率的影响.结果表明,随着汽油添加剂MMT含量的增加,催化前后核态和积聚态的数量浓度均增加,MMT含量为12.5 mg·L-1和17.5 mg·L-1的燃油增加显著,相对于超细微粒,经催化器后细微粒和大微粒降幅比较明显.催化前后核膜态峰值粒径基本不变,催化后的积聚态峰值粒径明显大于催化前.随着MMT含量的增加,催化后积聚态峰值粒径向催化前移动.相比于基础油,随着MMT含量的增加,催化器对总数量浓度的催化效率有所降低,但MMT的增加大幅度提高了催化器对微粒总质量浓度的催化效率.     

乌鲁木齐市城区机动车大气污染物排放特征

对乌鲁木齐市城区车辆信息(包括车流量和车辆构成、车辆控制技术水平、车辆行驶工况、车辆启动分布等)进行调研和测试,并根据IVE模型计算得到机动车污染物排放清单,获得分车型、燃料类型及启动/运行方式的机动车污染物排放分担率.结果表明:2011年乌鲁木齐市机动车CO、NO_x、HC和PM的排放量分别为20.22×104、2.60×104、1.84×104和0.44×10~4t·a~(-1),机动车污染物排放分担率差别显著,乘用车、公交车和重型货车是CO和HC主要排放源;重型货车和乘用车是NO_x的主要排放源;重型货车是PM的主要排放源.汽油车是CO和HC排放的主要来源,柴油车是NO_x和PM排放的主要来源,天然气车各类污染物排放量均较低.控制柴油重型货车是消减机动车污染物排放的重要方式.     

柴油轿车颗粒多环芳烃的排放特性

以一辆柴油轿车为研究样车,分别使用纯柴油、生物柴油掺混比例为10%的B10燃油,进行了NEDC整车循环工况试验,测取了该车HC、CO、NOx、颗粒等法规限制的排放,利用气相色谱-质谱法对采集的排气颗粒样品进行了分析,重点研究了颗粒中多环芳烃的排放特性.结果表明,与柴油相比,燃用B10燃油的HC、CO、NOx和颗粒等常规排放均有所降低;两种燃料产生的颗粒多环芳烃排放中均以荧蒽和芘最多,与纯柴油相比,燃用B10燃油产生的低环数PAHs排放略有增加,中高环数的PAHs排放降幅明显.苯并[a]芘等效毒性分析结果显示燃用B10燃油的BEQs值比纯柴油降低了21.6%,表明柴油轿车燃用生物柴油后,排气颗粒的多环芳烃毒性有所下降.     

Variability of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a gasoline passenger car under multiple in-laboratory and on-road testing conditions

An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO₂ emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CL...     

生命周期方法在天然气基汽车燃料评价中的运用

运用生命周期评价方法,对以天然气为原料生产压缩天然气、甲醇、二甲醚、柴油4种汽车代用燃料系统进行生命周期的能源、环境和经济评价,评价结果是：压缩天然气系统生命周期内的能耗相对少,总成本相对低,对生态环境更友好,压缩天然气是富含天然气地区一段时期内汽车代用燃料的优先选择．     

Greenhouse gas balances of molasses based ethanol in Nepal

This paper evaluates life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in production and use of molasses-based ethanol (EtOH) in Nepal. The total life cycle emissions of EtOH is estimated at 432.5 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol (i.e. 20.4 gCO_2eq MJ⁻¹). Avoided emissions are 76.6% when conventional gasoline is replaced by molasses derived ethanol. A sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the impact of variations in material and energy flows, and allocation ratios in the GHG balances. Market prices of sugar and molasses, amount of nitrogen-fertilizers used in sugarcane production, and sugarcane yield per hectare turn out to be important parameters for the GHG balances estimation. Sales of the surplus electricity derived from bagasse could reduce emissions by replacing electricity produced in diesel power plants. Scenario analysis on two wastewater processes for treatment of effluents obtained from ethanol conversion has also been carried out. If wastewater generated from ethanol conversion unit is treated in pond stabilization (PS) treatment process, GHG emissions alarmingly increase to a level of 4032 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol. Results also show that the anaerobic digestion process (ADP) and biogas recovery without leakages can significantly avoid GHG emissions, and improve the overall emissions balance of EtOH in Nepal. At a 10% biogas leakage, life cycle emissions is 1038 kgCO_2eq m⁻³ ethanol which corresponds to 44% avoided emissions compared to gasoline. On the other hand, total emissions surpass the level of its counterpart (i.e. gasoline) when the leakage of biogas exceeds 23.4%.     

芳香烃含量对直喷汽油机颗粒物排放影响的试验研究

在一台增压中冷缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上,开展了不同芳香烃含量的汽油对发动机颗粒物粒径分布和数量浓度影响的研究.结果表明,在正常热机工况下,随着负荷增加,核态颗粒物增加明显,颗粒物排放逐渐由三峰分布演变为双峰分布,并且芳烃含量高时,颗粒物排放明显增多.冷机工况及冷怠速时,芳烃含量对颗粒物的排放影响较小.和冷怠速相比,热怠速时颗粒物向小粒径方向移动,且颗粒物数量减少.热怠速时高芳烃含量的汽油排气中颗粒物相对较多.不同芳烃含量下,发动机参数对颗粒物排放会有一定影响,重芳烃含量高的汽油其颗粒物排放也高.     

2010年中国机动车CH4和N2O排放清单

中国大部分机动车温室气体排放研究都集中于CO₂排放,对于CH₄和N₂O等排放的研究鲜见. 以中国机动车污染防治年报(2011年)、中国汽车工业年鉴(2011年)、中国统计年鉴(2011年)以及交通运输部发布的相关信息和数据(2011年)等为基础,结合文献调研和2008─2010年对北京、广州等国内10余座典型城市的实地调查结果,获得2010年我国机动车活动水平及排放特征. 基于上述基础信息,解析得到按不同车型、燃料和车龄分布的机动车保有量、年均行驶里程及排放因子,建立2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放清单. 结果表明:2010年中国机动车CH₄和N₂O排放量分别为23.90×104和6.01×104t,折算成CO₂分别为501.99×104和1862.51×104t. 不确定性分析则显示,中国CH₄排放量在18.21×104～27.52×104t之间,N₂O排放量在4.32×104～7.62×104t之间. 在机动车中,汽车CH₄和N₂O排放量最大,分担率(某车型污染物排放量占机动车排放总量的比例)分别为77.99%和94.22%,而摩托车和农用车排放分担率较小. 在各类汽车中,CH₄排放主要来源于轻型汽油车和天然气出租车,二者的排放分担率分别为47.98%和23.42%;N₂O排放则主要源于轻型汽油车,其分担率为73.09%. 因此,轻型汽油车是削减机动车CH₄和N₂O排放的重点车型,同时天然气出租车也应作为控制CH₄排放的主要车型.