海河流域东北部地表水水源地藻类及代谢物研究

同时对海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地开展了藻类及微囊藻毒素(MC-LR和MC-RR)相关研究工作。研究结果表明:海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地中水体富营养化程度有明显改善,但于桥水库、洋河水库水体仍呈富营养化状态并检出MC-LR和MC-RR。另外,富营养化程度高的水体中蓝藻占明显优势,并且微囊藻毒素浓度与其成正相关关系。虽然检出的MC-RR和MC-LR浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生规范》标准限制,但是在蓝藻暴发期间(特别是暴发后期)应加密监测,确保微囊藻毒素浓度不会对供水人群健康造成危害。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-LW、MC-LF、MC-YR)的方法。选择甲醇-水(1∶4,V/V)为ASE萃取溶剂,萃取温度和萃取压力分别为80℃和13.1 MPa,固相萃取过程以HLB小柱为萃取柱,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析。方法在5种微囊藻毒素质量浓度5~100μg/L内线性良好(r0.995),回收率为76.0%~118%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~12.0%,检出限为2~3μg/kg,定量下限为8~12μg/kg。该方法已用于西太湖沉积物的检测,具有较好的方法适用性。     

2017年夏季巢湖水华期间浮游植物与蓝藻毒素的时空变化特征

蓝藻水华暴发过程中水华物种的演替及其与蓝藻毒素的关系，对于湖泊的风险评估具有重大意义。于2017年水华暴发较为严重的夏季（6-8月）对巢湖水体的理化参数、浮游植物和蓝藻毒素进行了调查和分析。结果表明：夏季巢湖基本上处于富营养-超富营养的状态。24个样本共鉴定出浮游植物7门72属117种，以绿藻门、蓝藻门和硅藻门为主。浮游植物的群落组成和细胞密度存在明显的时空差异性，其中6月浮游植物平均细胞密度为1.35×10⁸ cells/L，优势种属主要为微囊藻（Microcystis spp.，优势度为0.397）、水华长孢藻（Dolichospermum flos-aquae，优势度为0.195）和水华束丝藻（Aphanizomenon flos-aquae，优势度为0.181）；7月浮游植物平均细胞密度为1.31×10⁸ cells/L，优势种属主要为微囊藻（优势度为0.741）和黏伪鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena mucicola，优势度为0.072）；8月浮游植物平均细胞密度为1.01×10⁸ cells/L，优势种属主要为微囊藻（优势度为0.646）。11种蓝藻毒素在夏季巢湖水体中均有不同程度的检出，其中以微囊藻毒素MC-LR、MC-RR和MC-YR为主，最高检出浓度分别为0.115、0.107、0.018 μg/L。此外，分析了拟柱孢藻毒素浓度与水华束丝藻细胞密度的关系，显示两者之间存在非常显著的正相关性（P<0.01），表明水华束丝藻可能是其最主要的产毒蓝藻。11种蓝藻毒素的浓度均未超过饮用水安全标准的规定，但其潜在的安全风险依然需要密切注意。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定地表水中总微囊藻毒素的快速前处理方法探究

为方便地表水中总微囊藻毒素(TMCs)的预警监测,探究提取MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR的不同快速前处理方法,建立同时测定3种TMCs的煮沸-过滤-UPLC-MS/MS法。该方法在0.006μg/L~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.006μg/L~0.010μg/L,实际水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为88.6%~108%,6次测定结果的RSD为2.6%~9.4%。     

太湖梅梁湾水源水中微囊藻毒素浓度的变化

对太湖梅梁湾水源水中的总藻毒素TMC[(TMC-LR) (TMC-RR)]和胞外藻毒素EMC[(EMC-LR) (EMC-RR)]进行了跟踪检测.结果表明,水体中TMC-RR、TMC-LR、EMC-RR、EMC-LR质量浓度平均分别为1.819 μg/L、1.090 μg/L、0.491 μg/L和0.077 μg/L,无锡市的主要水源地水质已受到微囊藻毒素的污染.提出,应加强水源地水体中微囊藻毒素浓度的监测,确保饮用水的安全.     

宁波市饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时微囊藻毒素的污染分析

通过固相萃取净化,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR的方法,并用该方法监测了宁波市两个饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时水体中的微囊藻毒素.监测结果表明,姚江水体中的微囊藻毒素污染水平低,MC-LR和MC-RR没有被检出;梅湖水库水体中MC-RR也未被检出,采取措施后,虽MC-LR有时被检出,但最高时也低于国家标准值(1.0μg/L).     

HPLC-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定水中多种微囊藻毒素

水样经HLB小柱富集、净化后，采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-高分辨飞行时间质谱同时测定水样中MC-LA、MC-LF、〖JP3〗MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-LY、MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-WR等8种微囊藻毒素。试验表明，8种微囊藻毒素在0500 μg/L～〖JP〗100 μg/L范围内线性良好，方法检出限为0001 μg/L～0005 μg/L，自来水空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为725%～998%，5次测定结果的RSD为19%～112%。将该方法用于测定珠海本地水产养殖鱼塘和小型水库的水样，结果均未检出     

杭州贴沙河微囊藻毒素污染特征及健康风险评价

在2014年9月杭州贴沙河出现蓝藻异常增殖期间,利用固相萃取-液质联用法对水体中胞外微囊藻毒素(EMC)和总微囊藻毒素(TMC)进行监测。共检出以MC-LR为主的8种微囊藻毒素(MC)单体,TMC总的质量浓度为63.9 ng/L~1 090 ng/L,其中MC-LR质量浓度为31.6 ng/L~472 ng/L,毒性等效MC-LR浓度为51.8 ng/L~862 ng/L,检出的MC-LR浓度值均低于限值标准。采用USEPA推荐模型对水体中MC污染的健康风险进行评价。各批次水样中MC-LR的非致癌健康风险指数(HI)为0.03~0.39,毒性等效MC-LR的HI介于0.04和0.72之间,均低于基准值,说明贴沙河作为饮用水水源尚无明显的健康风险。     

基于浮游植物群落的青岛世园会天水水库水体评价

于2014年5—9月逐月对青岛世园会园区内的天水水库进行了浮游植物群落结构研究,共发现浮游植物7门42属66种,密度变化范围为18.48×104~427.00×104个/L,优势种为克罗脆杆藻(Fragilaria crotonensis)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta),监测期间浮游植物密度逐渐升高,均匀度和多样性指数呈下降趋势。聚类结果显示,监测区域大致可按月分为3个浮游植物群落,分别为绿藻型、硅藻-隐藻型、蓝藻型。冗余分析表明,氨氮、CODMn及总氮与水库浮游植物的群落结构关系最为密切。水质评价显示,天水水库水质处于中度污染,营养水平为中营养。     

响应面法优化测定水体中微囊藻毒素

针对水体中低浓度微囊藻毒素(MC-RR和MC-LR)的富集、淋洗、洗脱等前处理环节,采用单因素响应面优化法探讨微囊藻毒素前处理的最佳条件。结果表明:采用体积分数为25%的甲醇水溶液能够取得最佳淋洗效果,由One Factor设计优化得到体积分数为75%的甲醇水溶液作洗脱剂,MC-RR和MC-LR最佳回收率为89.4%和90.7%。方法在0.100 mg/L~5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,MC-RR和MC-LR的检出限分别为0.07μg/L和0.04μg/L,实际水样加标回收率分别为80.6%和84.9%,平行测定结果的RSD分别为1.6%和2.4%。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。