南京市总量减排监测体系建设的实践与思考

南京市正在构建的总量减排监测体系,以污染源在线监控系统为核心,有机整合在线和手工监测资源,以信息化平台为体系运转载体,以期为减排管理提供准确高效的数据支持.在总量减排监测体系建设和推广过程中需重点解决在线监测系统的运行管理、在线监测与手工监测的整合,以及信息系统建设等问题.     

污染源在线监控管理模式探讨

简述了目前环保部门两种污染源在线系统管理模式,并以南京市污染源在线监控系统建设与运作管理为例,总结了以监测部门为核心的系统运作管理模式在环境管理、环境执法、污染减排、总量控制上的优势与取得的成绩.同时提出该模式存在的问题及解决办法,并展望在线监控管理模式发展方向.     

减排监测体系建设存在的问题与对策

对全国减排监测体系建设的现状进行了较详尽的分析,指出减排监测体系建设中主要存在管理体制不顺、自动监控管理不到位、资金投入不畅等问题,并针对这些问题提出了相应的对策。     

污染源自动监控系统的价值在于应用

简述了南京市污染源在线自动监控系统建设和运营管理。指出应理清污染源自动监控系统的法律关系，保证排污单位正常运行污染物排放自动监测设备，深入研究、探索污染源自动监控系统的应用途径和方法。提出必须尽快明确第三方社会化运营的新的法律关系和法律责任，有必要强化对企业环境保护基础设施建设的管理，并出台相关强制性的技术标准和规范，促使排污企业逐步规范管网和排污口。     

山西省污染源自动监控系统的设计与实现

山西省重点污染源自动监控系统是集环境监测、监视和控制于一体的污染源自动监控系统,解决了传统污染源监控系统"只监不控"、"只监结果不监过程"的问题。介绍了该系统的组成、功能及技术特点,并于2010年3月通过该系统对超标排放企业远程监控的实施情况进行了分析。结果表明,该系统能够有效对监控企业进行实时监测,并对污染超标企业进行远程控制和警示,从而有效提高了环境监管水平和执法效率,加强了防止和应对突发性重大环境污染事故的能力。     

环境监控(监测)建设与发展过程的思考

论述环境监控系统的发展过程、具体应用和建设的意义。叙述环境监控系统的建设为解决环境质量监测、污染源在线自动监测和生态监测与具体部门相关联而造成信息孤岛的问题,提倡环保多业务综合共享信息的标准化;环境监控系统的建设是基础,应用是关键,运行维护管理是保障,三者不可偏废。让环境管理者产生形象思维,拓宽思路和视野,发现和解决新问题。     

重点污染源自动监控系统(现场端)建设情况分析

污染源在线自动监控系统（现场端）是污染源自动监控的基础和数据源，通过对平凉市污染源在线自动监控系统（现场端）建设情况、存在问题的说明和分析，从而有针对性的提出了一些建议和对策。     

浅析污染源监督监测工作的问题和对策

从监测数据应用的角度出发,分析了当前污染源监督监测工作存在的问题。提出,应明确环境监测法律地位,加强监测能力建设;及时调整工作思路,加强污染源监督监测力度;理顺污染源在线监测系统的投入和运营机制,加快污染源在线监控技术在监督监测中的应用;快信息技术在环境监测领域的推广和应用,提高污染源评价水平。     

水污染源自动设备流量比对监测问题探讨

水污染源自动设备流量是水污染总量减排统计中的关键数据,为了水污染源自动监测设备流量数据更好的为管理服务,监测系统应不断提高在线流量比对监测能力,本文对水污染源自动设备流量比对监测现状及存在的问题进行了阐述,并针对问题提出相关建议,为水污染源自动设备流量比对监测技术提供了参考。     

地表水水质自动监测系统的应用与思考

1999年国家环保总局为加强对重点流域省界断面水质变化和出境污染物总量的监控 ,先期在长江、淮河、松花江、太湖等水域的 1 0个省界断面进行试点 ,建设水质自动监测系统。安徽省淮河王家坝水质自动监测站是先期试点的 1 0个水质自动监测站之一。由于水质自动监测系统在该省乃至全国仍处在试运行阶段 ,因此其管理、技术、装备和人才培养等方面尚有急需完善的地方 ,认真分析和思考水质自动监测系统建设中的有关问题 ,有利于今后环境监测能力建设工作的发展。1　水质自动监测系统简介水质自动监测系统的建设和使用包括以下基本内容 :监测目的…     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂，并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明，采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白，提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限，试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

污染物总量控制中载体水流量的测定

示踪剂法测定河水流量是较为准确的办法 ,利用河流动力模型计算出示踪剂投放点 ,利用示踪剂投放量与测定浓度之间的关系可方便地获得河水流量结果