武汉地区燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏利用前景分析

阐述了燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏的特性和国内外脱硫石膏的利用现状．结合上海实际，对烟气脱硫石膏在建筑建材业、农业等领域的应用前景进行了分析，指出烟气脱硫石膏的资源化利用符合循环经济理念，并能产生良好的环境、社会和经济效益．提出了烟气脱硫石膏的利用建议。     

城市污泥-磷石膏陶粒的制备条件及性能分析

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥和磷酸生产废渣磷石膏为原料制备多孔陶粒,考察不同配比、烧结温度及烧结时间对多孔陶粒堆积密度、吸水率及盐酸可溶率的影响。结果表明:在污泥与磷石膏混合比1∶4、烧结温度1 050℃、烧结时间15 min的条件下,可制得堆积密度为685.78 kg/m~3、吸水率27.34%、盐酸可溶率11.38%的陶粒,该陶粒内部含有丰富的膨胀气孔,可用作水处理滤料或建材骨料。     

玄武湖沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

利用分级提取法分析了玄武湖的沉积磷形态,在玄武湖沉积物中,铝结合态磷的含量较低,平均值为64 mg/kg,其余形态磷中,铁结合态磷为241 mg/kg,有机磷为335 mg/kg,钙结合态磷为394 mg/kg.在环境变化的条件下,铁结合态磷可以释放到间隙水和上层水体中,是湖泊产生富营养化的重要因素;铝结合态磷由于含量少,对湖泊富营养化影响很小;钙结合态磷相对稳定且很难被生物利用,对湖泊富营养化影响不大;有机磷对水体有机负荷影响较大,并影响水体富营养化程度.     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定废水中的元素磷

利用钼酸铵分光光度法测定了水样中的元素磷,发现该方法的灵敏度、准确度和稳定性都可以满足分析的要求,并且用元素磷标准样品进行了对比实验,分析误差在10%以内.     

燃煤电厂石膏雨污染排放实测

对上海市8台燃煤机组开展了石膏雨和相关污染物排放监测,考察部分燃煤电厂石膏雨排放对周边居民生活和电厂生产造成的影响。结果表明,采用GGH并加热到一定温度,同时对除雾器进行优化的机组烟尘和可凝结颗粒物浓度均较低,石膏雨沉降和液滴均未检出,无冷凝回流液;虽然装有湿式电除尘器和GGH的机组石膏雨沉降未检出,但液滴浓度较高;仅装有湿式电除尘器的2台机组中1台检出石膏雨沉降;对照机组石膏雨沉降和液滴浓度均较高。建议电厂提升排烟温度,同时采取措施消除烟气中石膏夹带,彻底消除石膏雨,在标准制定时应充分考虑目前燃煤电厂多种污染物排放情况及其对环境的影响,尤其是石膏雨和可凝结颗粒物,制定相应的监测方法和评价体系,将其纳入火电厂排放标准中。     

孔雀绿显色光度法测定地面水中痕量磷

研究表明,将碱性染料与杂多酸结合成离子缔合物用于光度法测磷,其灵敏度是简单杂多酸体系所无法比拟的。Altmann H.J,,等人报道了磷钼酸盐与孔雀绿的显色反应机理,并指出利用此反应测定地面水中痕量磷的可能性。Shoji M.等人利用钼酸盐与孔雀绿的显色反应,提出了河水中10~(-9)级总无机态磷的光度测定法。本文在前人工作的基础上,以     

两种碳源对聚磷菌种群结构及除磷脱氮性能的影响

分别以乙酸钠和丙酸钠作为有机碳源,利用序批式反应器系统对聚磷菌进行富集培养,通过高通量测序技术和化学分析,研究两种碳源对聚磷菌种类及除磷脱氮性能的影响。结果表明：稳定状态下,两者均取得良好的除磷率（＞94%）,丙酸钠对除磷的促进作用优于乙酸钠,丙酸钠对脱氮的促进作用低于乙酸钠;在科和属的水平上,丙酸钠系统的聚磷菌丰度均高于乙酸钠系统。     

漳河上游流域沉积物中磷的空间分布特征及其影响因素

漳河上游地区众多的水利工程改变了流域水循环,同时也影响了河流泥沙和生源物质的循环过程。为揭示人类活动干扰下的沉积物中磷的赋存特征,采用改进后的连续化学萃取法分析了漳河上游沉积物中总磷(TP)和磷形态的空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,漳河上游沉积物中的TP含量为405.94~899.98 mg/kg,低于我国其他主要河流,接近我国东部平原湖泊含量水平。漳河上游的TP富集指数(PEI)均值为1.15,表明漳河上游富营养化风险较高。可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)分别占沉积物中TP含量的1.13%、33.96%、12.99%、35.05%。BD-P和HCl-P是沉积物中主要的磷形态,Ex-P的含量最低,NaOH-P的含量波动最大。漳河上游沉积物中,生物可利用磷(BAP)的含量约占TP含量的38.36%~52.04%,其中,清漳干流的BAP含量明显低于其他河段。清漳源头的水土流失及浊漳河的磷输入对漳河上游BAP含量的贡献较大。统计分析显示,漳河上游表层沉积物中,TP和磷形态的空间分布无显著差异,表明以水利工程建设为代表的强烈人类活动对漳河上游沉积物中磷的空间分布的影响不显著。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,沉积物中的NaOH-P含量与沉积物中黏土和粉土的占比有较高的相关性,BD-P和NaOH-P是控制沉积物中BAP构成的重要因素,Fe含量是沉积物中TP含量的主控因子。     

餐饮行业污水中磷的测定方法改进

测定污水中磷时,特别是餐饮行业污水,消解后浊度大,文章对利用活性炭脱色进行了实验研究.     

石灰石—石膏湿法脱硫和循环流化床干法脱硫技术应用比较

对目前火电厂所用的石灰石—石膏湿法和循环流化床干法脱硫技术的原理和工艺进行了简单介绍,对石灰石—石膏湿法和循环流化床干法2种脱硫技术从运行技术参数、投资运行费用、脱硫效率、各自优缺点等几个方面做了简单比较,并对循环流化床法在新疆的应用前景进行了分析。     

Assessment of heavy metal levels in sediment samples of Kapulukaya Dam Lake (Kirikkale) and lower catchment area

In this study, the concentrations of 13 elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, As, Pb, Cu, Mo, Hg, and Cd) were determined in the sediments of three different sites in the Kapulukaya Dam Lake between May 2007 and November 2008. They ranged from 1.47 to 4.64 for Al, 0.92 to 3.48 for Fe (in percent), 326.60 to 1053.00 for Mn, 98.00 to 1,116.00 for Cr, 24.70 to 127.10 for Ni, 14.80 to 124.20 for Zn, 11.0 to 43.20 for Co, 5.00 to 29.30 for Cu, 9.10 to 69.70 for As, 8.60 to 34.00 for Pb, 2.50 to 5.20 for Mo, 1.00 to 1.60 for Hg, and 0.50 to1.80 for Cd in microgram per gram dry weight sediment. The contamination degree of the sediment was assessed on the basis of enrichment factor and corresponding sediment quality guideline. The calculated enrichment factors (EF, measured metal vs. background concentrations) indicated that the effect of man-made activities on the occurrence of concentrations could be accounted for the majority of heavy metals namely Mn, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Co, Mo, and Cd, whereas such affect was not detected for Hg and Pb. The maximum values of the EF were represented by As, minimum values by Hg at all sites. Mean EF values were 36.60 and 0.70 for As and Hg, respectively. This study has clearly assessed a certain level of heavy metal pollution in the region, based particularly on the findings from sediment.     

离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸

建立了用离子色谱法测定丙烯酸丁酯生产废水中丙烯酸和对甲基苯磺酸的新方法。采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子色谱柱,淋洗液为30mmol/L的NaOH淋洗液,流速1ml/min,抑制电流75mA。丙烯酸根的检测下限为0.44mg/L(峰面积)、0.46mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.03%、0.50%、0.50%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9929、0.9954。对甲基苯磺酸根的检测下限为0.49mg/L(峰面积)、0.48mg/L(峰高),保留时间、峰高、峰面积的变异系数分别为0.02%、0.48%、0.47%,峰高、峰面积的线性回归系数R分别为0.9990、0.9998。常规无机阴离子对丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的测定没有干扰。对实际废水样品进行分析,丙烯酸、对甲基苯磺酸的回收率分别为101.6%～104.4%、95.4%～96.8%。方法简便、灵敏、可靠。     

土壤和沉积物样品中均三嗪类农药测定相关保存条件探究

采用加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法探究土壤和沉积物中11种均三嗪类农药测定相关保存条件。结果表明,在4℃以下避光、密封,标准贮备液可保存60 d;标准曲线系列溶液可重复使用11 d;阿特拉津等6种化合物的土壤样品可保存20 d,其他化合物可保存5 d~12 d;经过冷冻干燥处理,阿特拉津等7种化合物的沉积物样品可保存8 d,其他化合物可保存12 d;土壤提取液至少可保存60 d。     

Contamination and ecological risk assessment of toxic trace elements in the Xi River, an urban river of Shenyang city, China

The objectives of this study were to assess the enrichment, contamination, and ecological risk posed by toxic trace elements in the sediments of the Xi River in the industrialized city of Shenyang, China. Surface sediment and sediment core were collected; analyzed for toxic trace elements; and assessed with an index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF) value, potential ecological risk factor (Er), ecological risk index (RI), and probable effect concentration quotient (PECQ). Elemental concentrations (milligram per kilogram) were 8.5–637.9 for As, 6.5–103.9 for Cd, 12.2–21.9 for Co, 90.6–516.0 for Cr, 258.1–1,791.5 for Cu, 2.6–19.0 for Hg, 70.5–174.5 for Ni, 126.9–1,405.8 for Pb, 3.7–260.0 for Sb, 38.4–100.4 for V, and 503–4,929 for Zn. The Igeo, EF, Er, and PECQ indices showed that the contamination of Cd and Hg was more serious than that of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn, whereas the presence of Co and V might be primarily from natural sources. The Igeo index for Cr and Ni might underestimate the degree of contamination, potentially as a result of high concentrations of these elements in the shale. The RI index was higher than 600, indicating a notably high ecological risk of sediment for the river. The average PECQ for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn ranged from 1.4 to 4.1 for surface sediment and from 5.2 to 9.6 in the sediment cores, indicating a high potential for an adverse biological effect. It was concluded that the sediment in the Xi River was severely contaminated and should be remediated as a hazardous material.     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展（续）

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理，对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征，选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象，列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法，为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议，归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施，希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

Use of the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor to assess behavioral changes of Poecilia reticulata (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) and Macrobrachium lanchesteri (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in response to acid mine drainage: laboratory exposure

The behavioral responses of guppy Poecilia reticulata (Poeciliidae) and prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri (Palaemonidae) individuals exposed to acid mine drainage (AMD) were monitored online in the laboratory with a Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor? (MFB). These responses were compared to those to reference water acidified to the respective pH values (ACID). Test animals in the juvenile stage were used for both species and were exposed to AMD and ACID for 24 hours. The stress behaviors of both test animals consisted mainly of decreased activity in AMD and increased activity in ACID, indicating that the metals in the AMD played a role as a stress factor in addition to pH. The locomotor activity levels of guppies and prawns for the ACID treatment were higher than the locomotor activity levels for the AMD treatment with increasing pH value. For guppies, significant differences were observed when specimens were exposed to AMD and ACID at pH 5.0 and 6.0; the percentage activities were only 16% and 12%, respectively, for AMD treatment, whereas for ACID treatment, the percentage activities were 35% and 40%, respectively, similar to the value of 36% for the controls. Similar trends were also observed for prawns, for which the percentage activities were only 6% and 4%, respectively, for AMD treatment, whereas for ACID treatment, the percentage activities were 31% and 38%, respectively, compared to 44% in the controls. This study showed that both species are suitable for use as indicators for ecotoxicity testing with the MFB.     

Selection of ecological indicators for the conservation, management and monitoring of Mediterranean coastal salinas

Salinas systems are artificial wetlands which are interesting from the viewpoint of nature conservation. They play an important role both as habitats for migratory waterbird species and as nodes of biotic connectivity networks. In the Mediterranean basin, where the coastal salinas are highly significant as alternative and complementary habitats for waterbirds, a process of abandonment occurs, and many seminatural systems of this kind are disappearing. This abandonment is having serious consequences for migratory bird populations and for the ecological role these play. In the present paper, this group of waterbird species has been used to evaluate these wetlands for conservation purposes. We have developed a methodological approach for the selection of ecological indicators for the conservation and management of these Mediterranean habitats and waterbird assemblages, the main consumers therein. The stepwise procedure developed constitutes a practical tool for this task. Application thereof enabled us to differentiate the habitats available for the waterbirds and to identify the biotic and abiotic indicators for the maintenance and management of the salina ecosystems. These variables can then be incorporated into monitoring programs.     

The determination of carbonyl compounds in air using a robotic sampling preparation system integrated to a gas chromatograph with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector

A totally automated solid phase extraction gas chromatography procedure was developed for the sampling and analysis of carbonyl compounds in air. In this system, two PrepStation modules were used, one for the preparation and elution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine silica cartridges, and the other for air sampling. The sample collected by the sampling module was eluted to an autosampler vial in the PrepStation module and then transferred to the gas chromatograph for analysis via a robotic arm. The sampling module was modified to enable air sampling via an external pump. A typical run by this technique required 142 min, 100 min for air sampling and 42 min for the other operations, including a GC analysis time of 25 min. Recoveries of at least 85% were obtained for all compounds studied. The detection limits for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 2.2, 2.7 and 2.2 ppbv, respectively. All operations, including the conditioning of the cartridges, were performed without any intervention from the analyst.     

Assessing the suitability of stream water for five different uses and its aquatic environment

Surface water is one of the essential resources for supporting sustainable development. The suitability of such water for a given use depends both on the available quantity and tolerable quality. Temporary status for a surface water quality has been identified extensively. Still the suitability of the water for different purposes needs to be verified. This study proposes a water quality evaluation system to assess the aptitude of the Selangor River water for aquatic biota, drinking water production, leisure and aquatic sport, irrigation use, livestock watering, and aquaculture use. Aptitude of the water has been classified in many parts of the river segment as unsuitable for aquatic biota, drinking water production, leisure and aquatic sport as well as aquaculture use. The water quality aptitude classes of the stream water for nine locations along the river are evaluated to contribute to decision support system. The suitability of the water for five different uses and its aquatic ecosystem are verified.     

Measurements of atmospheric aerosol size distributions by co-located optical particle counters

Ambient aerosol number concentrations and size distributions were measured in both indoor and outdoor environments using two identical co-located and concurrently operated optical particle counters (OPCs). Indoor measurements were performed in a research laboratory, whereas two different locations were used for outdoor measurements; the sampling duration exceeded 12 hours and one hour respectively. Results from the two OPCs have been presented for eight size classes between 0.5 and 20 [micro sign]m, represented by central value diameters 0.875, 1.5, 2.75, 4.25, 6.25, 8.75, 12.5 and 15 microm. Overall, for the six indoor and outdoor experiments conducted at different times of day, the mean particle count ratios from the two OPCs for the individual samples showed +/-20% variation for indoor experiments and +/-50% variations for outdoor experiments. Significant random departures of the mean ratios from unity at all size classes were noticed even for indoor sample periods exceeding 20 hours. However, the coefficient of determination (R(2)) for the plots of readings from the two OPCs indicated higher consistency for "fine" particles (0.5-3.5 microm) than for "coarse" particles (10-20 microm), with average R(2) > 0.8 and R(2) < 0.5 respectively. Poisson counting statistics help to explain the divergence in the latter case where number concentrations were very low for the outdoor experiments. However, it cannot explain the divergence for indoor measurements where the concentrations were much higher. Increasing the averaging period reduced the scatter, especially in size classes with low number concentration. However, this procedure may lead to over-smoothing of data for environments with rapidly changing number concentration. These results indicate that, when two such analysers are used for comparative studies, the divergence between their responses may generate significant values of source contribution or deposition flux, even for nominally similar aerosol populations.