The coastal component of the U.S. integrated ocean observing system

The combined effects of human activities and natural variability present significant challenges to the goals of protecting, restoring, and sustaining coastal ecosystems. Meeting these challenges and resolving conflicts in an informed fashion will require: (1) more timely detection and prediction of environmental changes and their consequences; and (2) more timely access to relevant environmental information. The achievement of these goals depends on the development of a sustained and integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) that insures timely access to the data and information required to improve: (1) climate predictions and the effects of changes in the weather on coastal populations; (2) efforts to sustain and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems and living marine resources; and (3) compliance monitoring and evaluations of the efficacy of environmental policies. Although the responsible federal and state agencies all require similar environmental information, many separate programs have evolved for collecting, managing, and analyzing data for various purposes. Consequently, there is too much redundancy; access to diverse data from disparate sources is limited and time consuming; and individual programs are inevitably underfunded and too limited in scope. A system is needed that coordinates and integrates many of the elements of these programs to minimize redundancy, be more comprehensive, provide more timely access to data and information, and satisfy the information needs of a greater number of user groups in a more cost-effective fashion. This is the purpose of the ICOOS.     

环境中土壤微塑料研究热点及趋势可视化研究

为探究微塑料的研究现状、热点及趋势,以Web of Science核心合集数据库及中国知网(CNKI)数据库为数据来源,利用CiteSpace等软件绘制作者及机构共现网络图谱、区域分布特征图谱、关键词共现网络图谱和参考文献共被引图谱等,对环境微塑料尤其是土壤微塑料的研究现状及热点进行可视化分析。结果表明:微塑料研究自2016年开始逐步加强,其中土壤微塑料的研究热度在2021—2022年迅速上升;对于土壤微塑料,丰度分布、污染机制和健康风险等是当前研究的热点;完善土壤微塑料检测方法体系,探寻合适的土壤微塑料污染治理和管控方法及对策,对于维护生态安全和保障人体健康具有重要意义。     

我国典型村庄农村环境质量监测与评价

选取典型村庄,基于农村环境质量监测和评价方法,对典型村庄2014年农村环境质量进行监测和评价,结果表明:典型村庄环境空气质量状况总体良好,达标比例为82.0%,超标村庄多分布在中国西北地区;农村饮用水源地水质较差,总体水质达标比例为67.1%,地表水和地下水饮用水源地水质达标比例分别为89.8%和52.6%;农村地表水环境质量欠佳,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面占72.7%,饮用水水源地和地表水水质各地区均存在超标村庄;部分地区土壤重金属超标问题较为突出,出现监测项目超标情况村庄占20.6%,土壤超标村庄主要集中在中国东北、华中和华南等地区;农村生态质量状况相对较好,"较差"和"差"的县域主要分布在中国西北和华中北部地区。     

完善省级土壤环境质量监督管理的思考

概述全国土壤环境质量监管体系，分析江苏省土壤环境质量监督管理现状，存在污染管理制度不完善，土壤环境监测能力不足等问题。建议建立健全相关制度、体系和规范，包括加强污染场地管理，分类制定土壤环境管理办法，建立场地土壤环境质量档案，完善土壤环境质量监测管理体系，深化土壤调查和修复，推进土壤标准研究，创新土壤环境管理制度。     

Factors influencing acquisition of ecological and exposure information about hazards and risks from contaminated sites

Considerable research indicates that a wide range of socio-economic factors influence attitudes and perceptions about environmental hazards and risks, and that social trust in those who manage a hazard is strongly correlated to judgements about risks and benefits. We suggest that there are three steps that lead to environmental risk perceptions: acquisition of information, interpretation and synthesis of different pieces of information, and understanding of that information in light of previous knowledge, perceptions, or attitudes. In this study we presented 211 college students in the sciences and non-sciences with ecological and exposure information using text, tables and maps to examine the factors that affect information acquisition and interpretation concerning ecological issues at a fictitious hazardous waste site. Students were allowed about an hour to read the materials and answer questions. The percent of students answering each question correctly varied from 4 to 82%, indicating that some questions were extremely difficult to answer. We attributed these differences to variations in the number of places information was presented (in text, tables, maps, or a combination) and the complexity of the information (how many pieces of information were required to answer the question correctly). The correlation between the number of students answering each question correctly and these combined measures (frequency, complexity) was −0.72. Thus, although there were differences in accuracy concerning ecological information as presented in this study, the major differences were accounted for by how the information was presented, and how much information was required. This suggests that risk communicators should carefully determine which ecological information is critical for the target audience, and ensure that it is presented several times (in different forms). That a lower percentage of people correctly answered questions that required synthesizing several pieces of information suggests that this complexity should be reduced where possible, or that the pieces of information should be tied clearly to the conclusion. Self-declaration of effort and perceptions of safety of the site did not markedly influence the relationship between accuracy, difficulty of finding information, and complexity of information. Other possible confounding variables (i.e., science vs non-science major) only accounted for about 27% of the variation in student’s overall score on ecological questions; age, ethnicity, and gender did not enter as significant variables. We cannot manage environmental hazards with appropriate stakeholder input unless we understand how to present environmental information to achieve a full understanding. Protection of human health and the environment requires that people understand ecological and exposure information, particularly on buffer lands.     

县级环境监测站标准化建设达标验收预审中应注意的问题

针对江苏省环境监测站标准化建设达标前期验收工作中发现的问题，指出严格验收标准，严把验收质量关，不仅是环境监测工作向深度和广度发展的需要，更是环境管理的需要。提出硬件必须到位，有足够的人员经费，一定的环境监测能力，人员素质和专业技术人员的结构比例，是环境监测标准化建设的核心，各省辖市环境保护局在对所辖县（市）环境监测站标准化建设达标验收预审时尤应注意。     

环境空气质量新旧评价体系及评价结果差异

在分析环境空气质量评价体系的变化的基础上,通过分析实际监测数据说明评价体系变化对评价结果的影响。结果表明:由于NO2和PM10的年平均二级浓度限值收严,用新标准评价全国325个地级以上城市2012年的达标情况,将有164个城市由达标变为不达标;参照《环境空气质量评价技术规范(试行)》评价2012年度地级以上城市的达标情况,达标率由91.4%降为41.8%;不同时段O3的1 h平均浓度值对计算其8 h滑动平均浓度值的贡献不同,可能引起8 h滑动平均浓度值计算结果的差异;由于在计算实时空气质量指数时PM10和PM2.5使用24 h滑动平均浓度值,当空气质量突变时会出现评价结果与实际污染状况不符的情况。     

Kriging and Bilinear Methods for Estimating Spatial Pattern of Atmospheric Pollutants

Two statistical methods to reconstruct the spatial pattern ofenvironmental data are compared: the Kriging and the Bilinear.The comparison is performed by evaluating two differentcharacteristics of the methods: the interpolation and the estimation. The Kriging method is demonstrated to be better thanthe Bilinear regarding all the statistics studied, although thedifferences are not very significant. Especially, the Kriging ismore efficient than the Bilinear in the reconstruction of peakvalues and it does not extrapolate local trends. The methods areapplied to a set of environmental data measured in an urban area.     

国内外环境噪声监测方法比较及启示

综合比较了中国、日本、欧盟、美国和澳大利亚等国家或地区的环境噪声监测与评价方法,分析了声环境质量监测法、噪声地图预测法和噪声源监测法3种环境噪声评估方法的优缺点,认为声环境质量监测法适合现阶段中国环境噪声监测与管理需求,但下一步应结合噪声产生与传播预测方法改进中国声环境监测评价方法,增强对监测过程的质控,增加重点噪声源监测,以期更全面地反映城市声环境质量状况。     

Public engagement on urban air pollution: an exploratory study of two interventions

The use of portable sensors to measure air quality is a promising approach for the management of urban air quality given its potential to improve public participation in environmental issues and to promote healthy behaviors. However, not all the projects that use air quality mobile sensors consider the potential effects of their use on the attitudes and behaviors of non-expert individuals. This study explores the experiences, perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of 12 participants who used a real-time NO₂ sensor over a period of 7 days in the metropolitan area of Barcelona and compares them with 16 participants who did not have access to the device but rather to documentary information. The study design is based on recombined focus groups who met at the beginning and end of a 7-day activity. The results suggest that the experience with the sensors, in comparison with the traditional information, generates greater motivation among participants. Also, that the use of the sensor seems to support a more specific awareness of the problem of air pollution. In relation to risk perception, the textual and visual information seems to generate stronger beliefs of severity among participants. In both groups, beliefs of low controllability and self-efficacy are observed. Neither using the sensor nor reading the documentary information seems to contribute positively in this sense. The results of the study aim to contribute to the design of public involvement strategies in urban air pollution.     

近岸海域国控环境质量监测点位优化研究

近岸海域环境监测是掌握其环境质量状况,摸清污染来源和影响范围的必要手段。监测点位是环境监测的基础,监测点位优化是提高环境监测代表性的必要手段。按照《近岸海域环境监测点位布设技术规范》(HJ 730—2014)的要求,梳理了点位优化工作的基本流程,经过试优化,预计在全国将增设122个国控监测点位。其中,76个在原有监测点位中选择增设,46个按照规范要求新设。利用2013年监测结果进行插值分析,调整前后水质总体变化小,未出现颠覆性结论,同时提高了对陆源影响区域水质的监控能力。     

石家庄市典型乡镇饮用水源地环境调查与分析

通过调查“十一五”期间石家庄市县级行政区典型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地开展基础环境状况，了解典型乡镇饮用水水源地属性、水质水量状况以及饮用水水源地保护区划分情况，分析研究影响石家庄市典型乡镇饮用水水源水质的主要因素，针对饮用水水源地环境问题进行评估并对乡镇集中式饮用水水源地监管能力建设情况、环境管理制度执行情况提出相关建议及对策。     

Data Sharing – a Case of Shared Databases and Community Use of On-Line GIS Support Systems

Data management is becoming increasingly simple and complex at the same time. The challenge is to effectively use the increasing number of tools available to manage increasing amounts of environmental information for purposes of data capture, analysis, display, sharing and storage. Government is no longer the main collector and provider of data. Community groups possess vast amounts of data collected through daily work of monitoring the environment in their local community. The chief concerns are data access, sharing, integrity and comparability. The capacity of groups to sustain data management is the key to making the sharing possible. The Southeast Environmental Association has been working with Environment Canada to develop a community, on-line database that will be linked to other geo-spatial data sets to allow instant access to geo-referenced data.     

宁夏石空工业园区地下水质量状况调查

通过对宁夏石空工业园区内的浅层地下水进行环境质量监测,对监测结果进行分析,掌握园区内地下水环境质量状况,为工业园区内地下水环境可持续发展提供技术保障。     

Institutional barriers to environmental information

Several barriers impede the free flow of environmental information in the government's hands to the public. The most important of these are the compartmentalization of environmental information among several departments, the manipulation of information to protect vested bureaucratic or political interests and, lastly, the withholding of information. The media's ineffective coverage of environmental issues and the small number of well-funded environmental groups constitute two additional institutional barriers to the broader dissemination of environmental information. Solutions proposed to reduce these barriers include the creation of an independent Commissioner on the environment reporting publicly to Parliament about the government's performance and the development of a widely-available system of indicators to inform the public about changes in environmental quality.     

6项环境监测分析方法标准中钴、铬、钼、钛的不确定度分析及其在达标判定中的应用

研究依据测定不确定度的基本理论和ISO 21748：2017《采用重复性、再现性和正确度评估测量不确定度的导则》，提出了基于中国环境监测分析方法标准多家实验室验证中已获得的数据计算合成标准不确定度的方法，将方法标准中规定的重复性、再现性等指标与合成标准不确定度进行了衔接。分析了近年发布的6项水质监测分析方法标准中钴、铬、钼、钛等4种金属元素的相对合成标准不确定度，结果表明：被测量的浓度是影响方法标准测量不确定度的重要因素。对于火焰原子吸收分光光度法（FAAS）和石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法（GAAS），样品浓度为方法标准测定下限3倍左右时，测定结果的相对标准不确定度可保持在15%以下；对于电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-AES），样品浓度为方法标准测定下限3~5倍时，测定结果的相对标准不确定度为12%~17%；对于电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS），钛元素浓度为测定下限3倍左右时，相对标准不确定度在15%以下，而钴、铬、钼的浓度在测定下限40~100倍以上时，相对标准不确定度在15%以下。6项方法标准可分别用于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）以及22项水污染物排放标准钴、铬、钼、钛的达标监测。     

加强环境监测质量管理人员队伍建设的思考

加强环境监测质量管理人员队伍建设、提高环境监测工作质量是环境监管部门需要解决的重点问题。本文通过对环境监测质量管理人员队伍目前所存在的问题进行剖析,阐述建立高素质管理队伍的重要性,并根据存在的问题提出相应的解决措施,完善培训机制,提高管理人员素质,为环境监测质量管理工作提供有益的建议。     

基于风险评估模型的环境风险地图研究

环境风险地图基于地理信息系统(GIS)对信息和数据的空间分析,通过各种风险评估或预测模型,将评估的结果以空间方式展示出来.由于环境风险地图直观、信息量大的优点,有助于环境风险管理以及突发事件的应急反应和实时决策.对风险地图种类作了概述,总结风险制图中需注意的问题以及国内外风险地图的应用研究以及发展情况.     

国家级环境数据库系统的建立与应用开发

随着环境保护工作的日益深化，环境管理与决策对环境信息提出了新的要求，为此简要地介绍了中国环境监测总站正在进行的环境数据库标准化建设、环境数据库的组织与管理，并对基于ＷＷＷ技术的数据库发布系统和分析系统开发的内容进行了扼要的阐述     

Assessment of Urban Air Quality in South Estonia by Simple Measures

In countries having limited resources, it is difficult to assess urban air quality on contemporaneously, due to the absence of on-line information about air pollution levels and emission rates. An alternative approach is recommended for smaller cities with lower demands of resources. The applied scheme consists of a database of air pollution sources (NO _x and CO from industry, traffic, and domestic heating), the simple Gaussian-plume model AEROPOL and a series of measurements by passive monitors. This method was used in Tartu, a small city situated in the valley of the river Emajõgi, within a landscape with noteworthy topographical variations. Simulations of annual average and maximal concentrations were performed, and a fair agreement obtained with NO₂ monitoring results from passive Palmes monitors. Inventories of pollution sources in 1998 revealed that official statistics of stationary sources covered 64% of SO₂,36% of CO, 37% of NO _x and 32% of total particulate matter emissions. Recommendations for measures for reducing air pollution levels and for further investigations towards improving air quality assessment and management, are given.