微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的研究进展

介绍了微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的原理，回顾了在海水微波辐射亮度温度模型，机载、星载微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度实验，以及星载微波辐射计研究计划方面的进展．指出了为提高海洋盐度测量精度和空间分辨率，在盐度遥感机理、微波辐射计、及盐度反演研究方面的发展趋势．     

微波消解技术在沉积物样品重金属元素分析中的应用

通过利用微波消解—原子吸收法测定标准河流沉积物样品中重金属元素Cu、Ni、Zn、Mn的含量，优化了微波消解的工作条件，并与电热板消解法进行了比对试验。结果表明，微波消解法与传统方法相比无显著性差异，且高效快速、试剂消耗量少、节约能源。     

微波消解法测定有机磷农药废水中的总磷

应用微波消解技术进行了农药废水测定总磷的研究，考察微波消解方法的消解时间、功率对消解的影响，并将该方法与GB11893—1989《钼酸铵分光光度法》中规定的消解方法进行比较．实验证明，微波消解法操作简便，测定结果准确可靠．     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光度法 测定土壤中的砷

建立了微波消解一氢化物发生原子荧光光度法测定土壤中砷的方法。对微波消解条件进行了优化，用5mL硝酸和2mL过氧化氢的混合酸作消解溶剂，在设定的微波条件下砷提取完全。用5％的盐酸作为反应载流，12g／L硼氢化钾与0．5％氢氧化钠的混合液为还原剂，直接定容后应用HG．AFS测定，并通过测定国家标准参考物质和加标回收实验，对方法进行了验证。实际土壤加标同收率97％～103％。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中钒

建立了微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收测定土壤中钒的方法，优化了微波消解程序。方法在0μg／L～100μg／L范围内线性良好，以称样0．5000g、定容体积50mL计，方法检出限为0．2μg／g，环境土壤标准样品测定的RSD为2．5％，加标回收率为92．0％-104％。     

应用微波分解废气

应用微波分解废气最近，美国能源部阿贡国家实验室测试通过了一项新技术，即利用微波分解天然气和炼油工业中的废气。利用此技术可以将天然气中的杂质和炼油厂产生的废气──硫化氢气体分裂成硫和氢气。其中，硫可以回收出售，氢气可作为燃料或者回收到炼油厂。在天然气进...     

微波消解测定COD

微波消解样品，国内外文献多有报道［１］，它正逐步代替常规的干式灰化消解及湿式酸式消解而被广泛用于生物、地质、化学等样品测试中。今用微波消解，重铬酸钾法测定工业废水的ＣＯＤ。１主要仪器和试剂微波炉；聚四氟乙烯高压消解釜。葡萄糖、邻苯二甲酸氢钾、Ｌ谷氨...     

微波萃取技术在分析土壤中有机污染物的应用

介绍了微波萃取技术及其使用的试剂、设备和条件,对微波萃取在分析土壤中有机污染物的应用予以综述,阐述了微波萃取技术是分析土壤中有机污染物的好方法。     

微波技术在环境试样处理中的应用

综述了微波技术在样品消解、干燥以及溶剂萃取和解吸、生色反应、形态分析、微波雾化等方面的应用。比较了微波技术优于传统预处理技术之处。经分析认为该技术具有广阔的推广和应用前景。     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Development of an international standard for the determination of metals and metalloids in workplace air using ICP-AES: evaluation of sample dissolution procedures through an interlaboratory trial

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is rapidly overtaking atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as the method of choice for the determination of toxic metals in workplace air. However, the few ICP-AES methods that have been published are not well characterised in terms of the effectiveness of the sample dissolution procedures described and their validation status. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is currently engaged in developing ISO 15202, which will describe a generic method for the determination of metals and metalloids in airborne particulate matter by ICP-AES. One part of the proposed standard deals with dissolution procedures. The ISO work has been supported by a project carried out in the authors' laboratory to identify, develop and validate sample dissolution procedures for inclusion in the proposed standard. This paper describes an interlaboratory comparison carried out to assess the performance of selected procedures using samples of airborne particulate matter collected on filters with a multiport sampler. Five dissolution procedures were tested. These included an ultrasonic agitation procedure, two hot-plate procedures (based upon NIOSH 7300 and OSHA ID 125G) and two microwave-assisted procedures (based upon EPA 3052). It was shown that the dissolution procedures selected for use in the trial and used internally at HSL generally gave equivalent performance. As expected, a wider spread of results was obtained by participants in the trial. More specifically, there exists some reservation regarding the ability of the ultrasonic and hot-plate procedures to attack fully on a consistent basis some resistant materials, e.g., chromium containing particulate matter. Above all, the trial demonstrated the usefulness of microwave-assisted dissolution procedures in a modern laboratory.     

FIA-coupled spectrophotometric method for determination of Cr (VI) traces in natural waters: application of in-line dissolution of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide after heat treatment and activated alumina as adsorbent for preconcentration

This work proposes the quantification of Cr (VI) ions in natural waters in trace level, using activated alumina (Al₂O₃) as preconcentration support, controlled in-line dissolution of the solidified chromophore diphenylcarbazide after heat treatment and spectrophotometric detection. The manifold ensures high sensitivity of analytical response, good repeatability, and stability. In this work, optimization of experimental conditions of a flow injection system was chosen as the parameters for greater sensitivity and better selectivity. The selected optimized conditions were 0.30 mol L^?1 for H₂SO₄ concentration, system flow rate as 0.40 mL min^?1, sample injection volume of 192.50 μL, 2 min for preconcentration time, and 0.10 mol L^?1 for eluent concentration. The analytical curves obtained for real sample analysis show linear range from 0.192 to 0.961 μM, linear correlation coefficient R?=?0.9997 and LOD?=?0.024 μM. The preconcentration factor of about four times was obtained through the passage of 800 μL of a standard solution containing 0.961 μM of Cr (VI) through mini-column of preconcentration followed by elution at 192.5 μL of NH₄OH 0.1 mol L^?1 solution. The solid chromogenic reagent presented high durability (weeks in daily use with mass of 0.0993 g) and good reproducibility in analytical signal. The reactivation of the mini-column of alumina should be executed after ten injections of eluent, using 800 μL of HCl 0.02 mol L^?1 solution in flow through the same. Each cycle of injection and elution of the sample takes about 5 min on the proposed terms. Despite the length of each cycle still be high, low concentrations can be detected using a technique of relatively low cost. This is due in part, the association dissolution of the chromogenic reagent directly in the line and the preconcentration step. Another important factor is the economy of reagent chromogenic, low generation of reject contributing to better quality of the environment, and the high potential for applications to work in field.     

固相微萃取技术及其在环境监测中的应用

介绍了90年代初推出的一种新的样品前处理技术－固相微萃取技术。它与传统的萃取法相比具有分析周期短、简捷、灵敏度高，无须使用溶剂，适于现场监测等优点，目前已成功地用于各基质样品如：土壤、水、大气中环境污染物的分析。文章还对其基本原理、固相涂层、操作模式展开了讨论。经分析认为该技术有着广阔的推广和应用前景。     

生化需氧量智能生物检测仪在废水控制分析中的应用

为解决快速测量生化需氧量，生化需氧量智能生物检测仪对多种废水的实际测定表明，操作简单，测量周期为３０ｍｉｎ，精密度为±１０％左右，特别适用于污水处理中控制分析及批量样品的分析测定。     

Operational problems related to the preparation of the seawater soluble fraction of crude oil

Owing to the importance of dissolution and weathering processes following oil spills, this work focused on the operational (quantitative) aspects related to the dissolution of petroleum-derived products, as well as the influence of solar light on both dissolution and the photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide. Four Brazilian crude oil samples were used to study the transfer process of organic compounds from the crude oil film to the aqueous phase (natural seawater) over a period of up to 45 days. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), measured by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy followed by high temperature catalytic combustion, was used to follow the partitioning between the two phases. Aqueous DOC values increased as a function of time (up to 15 days) until equilibrium was reached at concentrations ranging from 5 to 45 mg C L(-1). The final DOC concentration as well as the rate of dissolution depends on the nature of the crude oil. When exposed to sunlight, the dissolution was enhanced by up to 67.3%, and inorganic peroxides were generated in the concentration range from 4.5 up to 8.0 micromol L(-1) after 7.3 h irradiation. These results indicate that there is a need for a standard procedure for the production of the WSF in order to generate a more reliable tool to assess the impact of oil spills on the marine environment.     

双波长分光光度法同时测定叶绿素a、b

介绍了同时测定叶绿素ａ、ｂ 的双波长分光光度法。该法不进行预分离,直接测定,操作简便,结果与先分离、再以强氧化剂消解后分别测定镁离子浓度进而推算叶绿素ａ、ｂ 浓度的原子吸收法有一定可比性,本法具有进一步推广应用的价值。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱在水中有机污染物测定中的应用

固相微萃取技术是一种新型的无溶剂的样品前处理方法,集取样、萃取、富集、进样于一体,具有无溶剂、可直接进样、操作简便快捷、灵敏的特点。简述了固相微萃取技术原理,综述了SPME与GC联用在水中有机污染物测定中的应用。具体介绍了该技术在苯系物、酚类化合物、多环芳烃、有机氯化物及其它有机污染物分析中的应用,并提出了该技术的发展趋势及应用展望。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur city, Tamil Nadu, India

As groundwater is a vital source of water for domestic and agricultural activities in Thanjavur city due to lack of surface water resources, groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural usage were evaluated. In this study, 102 groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and bore wells during March 2008 and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, temperature, major ions, and nitrate. Results suggest that, in 90% of groundwater samples, sodium and chloride are predominant cation and anion, respectively, and NaCl and CaMgCl are major water types in the study area. The groundwater quality in the study site is impaired by surface contamination sources, mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and evaporation. Nitrate, chloride, and sulfate concentrations strongly express the impact of surface contamination sources such as agricultural and domestic activities, on groundwater quality, and 13% of samples have elevated nitrate content (>45 mg/l as NO₃). PHREEQC code and Gibbs plots were employed to evaluate the contribution of mineral dissolution and suggest that mineral dissolution, especially carbonate minerals, regulates water chemistry. Groundwater suitability for drinking usage was evaluated by the World Health Organization and Indian standards and suggests that 34% of samples are not suitable for drinking. Integrated groundwater suitability map for drinking purposes was created using drinking water standards based on a concept that if the groundwater sample exceeds any one of the standards, it is not suitable for drinking. This map illustrates that wells in zones 1, 2, 3, and 4 are not fit for drinking purpose. Likewise, irrigational suitability of groundwater in the study region was evaluated, and results suggest that 20% samples are not fit for irrigation. Groundwater suitability map for irrigation was also produced based on salinity and sodium hazards and denotes that wells mostly situated in zones 2 and 3 are not suitable for irrigation. Both integrated suitability maps for drinking and irrigation usage provide overall scenario about the groundwater quality in the study area. Finally, the study concluded that groundwater quality is impaired by man-made activities, and proper management plan is necessary to protect valuable groundwater resources in Thanjavur city.     

Preparation, certification and interlaboratory analysis of workplace air filters spiked with high-fired beryllium oxide

Occupational sampling and analysis for multiple elements is generally approached using various approved methods from authoritative government sources such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as consensus standards bodies such as ASTM International. The constituents of a sample can exist as unidentified compounds requiring sample preparation to be chosen appropriately, as in the case of beryllium in the form of beryllium oxide (BeO). An interlaboratory study was performed to collect analytical data from volunteer laboratories to examine the effectiveness of methods currently in use for preparation and analysis of samples containing calcined BeO powder. NIST SRM(?) 1877 high-fired BeO powder (1100 to 1200 °C calcining temperature; count median primary particle diameter 0.12 μm) was used to spike air filter media as a representative form of beryllium particulate matter present in workplace sampling that is known to be resistant to dissolution. The BeO powder standard reference material was gravimetrically prepared in a suspension and deposited onto 37 mm mixed cellulose ester air filters at five different levels between 0.5 μg and 25 μg of Be (as BeO). Sample sets consisting of five BeO-spiked filters (in duplicate) and two blank filters, for a total of twelve unique air filter samples per set, were submitted as blind samples to each of 27 participating laboratories. Participants were instructed to follow their current process for sample preparation and utilize their normal analytical methods for processing samples containing substances of this nature. Laboratories using more than one sample preparation and analysis method were provided with more than one sample set. Results from 34 data sets ultimately received from the 27 volunteer laboratories were subjected to applicable statistical analyses. The observed performance data show that sample preparations using nitric acid alone, or combinations of nitric and hydrochloric acids, are not effective for complete extraction of Be from the SRM 1877 refractory BeO particulate matter spiked on air filters; but that effective recovery can be achieved by using sample preparation procedures utilizing either sulfuric or hydrofluoric acid, or by using methodologies involving ammonium bifluoride with heating. Laboratories responsible for quantitative determination of Be in workplace samples that may contain high-fired BeO should use quality assurance schemes that include BeO-spiked sampling media, rather than solely media spiked with soluble Be compounds, and should ensure that methods capable of quantitative digestion of Be from the actual material present are used.     

铝盐污泥回收研究进展

简述了铝盐回收的主要方法,分别为酸溶法、碱溶法、离子交换法和膜分离法,对每一种方法的原理和特点作了介绍。在此基础上,对铝盐回收技术的发展趋势做出展望。