安庆市PM2.5碳质组分污染特征及来源解析

2020年3月2日—2021年2月28日在安庆市政务服务中心楼顶设置监测点,手工采集PM_2.5样品,运用多波段碳分析仪(DRI Model 2015)分析样品中碳质组分有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)质量浓度;利用OC/EC法、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法对PM_2.5中碳质组分的污染特征和可能来源进行解析。结果显示:安庆市手工采样期间PM_2.5平均质量浓度为(45.9±28.1)μg/m³,OC和EC的平均浓度分别为(8.0±3.4)、(1.4±0.6)μg/m³,在PM_2.5中占比为17.4%、3.1%。四季OC平均浓度分布为冬季(9.7±4.2)μg/m³ >春季(9.0±2.5)μg/m³ >秋季(8.3±2.9)μg/m³ >夏季(5.1±1.6)μg/m³,EC平均浓度分布为冬季(1.7±0.5)μg/m³ >春季(1.7±0.6)μg/m³ >秋季(1.3±0.4)μg/m³ >夏季(0.8±0.3)μg/m³。OC/EC范围为3.11~12.14,平均值为5.83,表明安庆市存在二次有机碳(SOC),SOC均值为(2.89±1.94)μg/m³,分别占OC和PM_2.5浓度的36.1%、6.3%;四季OC、EC相关性不显著,r均小于0.85,说明安庆市的碳质组分较复杂;在不同空气质量等级条件下,OC质量浓度随着污染等级的升高而逐渐升高,EC质量浓度随着污染等级升高而先升高后降低。利用主成分分析法进行来源解析发现,道路扬尘、燃煤、柴油车尾气是碳质组分的主要来源。     

博斯腾湖水质现状评价与预测

博斯腾湖位于天山东段盆地的东南部,界于东经86°47′—87°26′,北纬41°22′—42°21′之间,略呈菱形,由大小两个湖区构成,大湖区水面浩大,东西长66.6千米、南北宽27.4千米、平均深度7.4米,最大水面积998米~2,最高水位1048.75米.博斯腾湖曾是我国最大的干旱内陆淡水湖泊,现已微咸.它是农业灌溉、水力发电、工业和生活用水、农副业生产的一座多功能天然调节水库.     

大亚湾水体营养盐分布特征及其生态环境效应

2019年秋季和2020年春季在大亚湾海域开展了生态环境现状调查,调查要素包括水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(DIP)、叶绿素a等。秋季DIN和DIP平均浓度分别为(5.00±3.36)、(0.31±0.56) μmol/L,春季分别为(3.12±1.97)、(0.13±0.05) μmol/L,春季DIN和DIP含量低于秋季。秋、春季DIN和DIP高值区均位于淡澳河入海口、哑铃湾和范和港湾口以及渔业养殖和港口交汇海域,且呈现自湾顶至湾口逐渐减小趋势,主要受入海径流、外海水入侵、渔业养殖、污水排放等多重因素影响。大部分海域处于贫营养化状态,仅湾顶局部海域为中度富营养化水平。春季叶绿素a平均值为(2.10±1.07) μg/L,大于秋季[(0.83±0.54) μg/L],秋、春季叶绿素a空间分布大体与营养盐相同,即湾顶高,湾中和湾口逐渐降低,秋、春季N/P平均值分别为30.52±20.09和26.68±17.70,湾顶浮游植物繁殖的主要限制因子为磷,湾口的主要限制因子为氮。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月，应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示，PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3，PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例，说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值，发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源； OC易形成二次污染，EC排放以焦炭为主。     

多尺度环境空气质量预报业务产品测试研究

为了探讨NAQPMS数值模式预报产品及其他预报业务所需产品在国家-区域-城市不同尺度单位的有效使用率、重污染过程中的作用,以及不同地区(城市)预报业务需求及作业产品需求偏差,选取17家单位进行测试研究。分析数据显示:15类参与研究产品均为各省市监测中心空气质量日常预报业务的开展作出了重要贡献,NAQPMS数值预报产品准确率最高可达到84.72%,省会城市准确率略低,总体平均可达50.21%,重污染过程的平均捕捉准确率为52.33%;研究测试产品在各尺度的获取时间均可控制在2.5 h左右。研究结果表明,指导产品能基本反映污染物形成、发展及变化趋势,明确不同地区城市预报业务需求及产品偏差,在PM_(2.5)和O_3预报准确率和重污染过程捕捉预报结果偏低等方面有待加强。     

唐山沿海潮间带和近海生物中重金属的污染现状及其规律

唐山沿海海岸线全长约167公里,地处东经118°00′～119°15′,北纬39°00′～39°55′。每年经河口向海洋(渤海湾)排放大量重金属据测算:铜为3.992吨,铅为5.92吨,锌为1.662吨,镉为0.923吨,汞为0.00136吨。从大清河以东为砂砾海岸,以西为淤泥海岸。调查范围从海水高潮线往海域方向延伸到15～20米左右,面积约3340平方公里。我们将唐山沿海的潮间带划分为五个断面(表1),每一     

新疆和田地区环境天然贯穿辐射水平的调查研究

进行了和田地区环境天然贯穿辐射水平的调查研究并得出结论。首次采用网格及加密布点的方法布点．对１０３个测点的原野、道路和建筑物室内进行了外照射贯穿辐射测量。和田地区及所辖各县（市）的外照射贯穿辐射和土壤中天然放射性核素含量属正常本底辐射水平。全地区原野、道路和建筑物室内的陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）按网格的均值依次是５．６３±０．８２、５．６６±１．１６和１０．２３±１．０１，原野和室内陆地γ辐射空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）的人口加权均值依次是６．１５±０．９３和１０．８７±１．３０；室外和室内贯穿辐射（不包括中子成分）致空气吸收剂量率（×１０－８Ｇｙ·ｈ－１）按网格（人口加权）的均值依次分别是１０．３７±１．１８（１０．５８±０．７５）和１４．５０±１．１７（１４．８３±１．１３）；天然贯穿辐射（不包括中子成分）所致居民人均年有效剂量当量为９４３．９３±６３．１６（μＳｖ），致居民年集体剂量当量为１０９６．５７±７３．３７（ｍａｎ·ＳＶ）。     

2021年苏州黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及来源解析

于2020年12月1日—2021年11月30日利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-31）观测苏州地区黑碳（BC）浓度变化特征,并使用黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型分析BC排放来源和潜在源区。结果发现,苏州地区BC年平均质量浓度为（1.29±0.64）μg/m³,冬季BC质量浓度最高,为（1.61±0.89）μg/m³,秋季为（1.34±0.61）μg/m³,春季为（1.23±0.48）μg/m³,夏季最低,为（1.03±0.43）μg/m³。各季节工作日、非工作日BC质量浓度日变化均呈早晚双峰分布规律。BC质量浓度与风速、气温、降水量呈负相关,与相对湿度相关性并不显著。黑碳来源解析结果表明,相比于固体燃料（如煤和生物质燃烧）,液体燃料（如交通排放）对苏州BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位（74.2%～76.3%）,且夏季最高,冬季最低。同时,后向轨迹模拟和浓度轨迹权重分析的潜在源区结果显示,与本地污染相比,影响苏州地区BC的更多为输送型气团;各季节BC的潜在源区也稍有差异,主要以西南方向的影响为主。     

综合评价地面水环境质量的一种新方法──星座图

综合评价地面水环境质量的一种新方法──星座图周建伟，王宝玉，高素琴（南京医科大学预防医学系，南京２１００２９）首先将各指标实测数据变换成角度（０～１８０°），即以最小值为０°，最大值为１８０°，其余依次求出。在此基础上作半圆圈，以国心为原点，以半径／...     

唐山石臼坨岛群海水、底质和生物中总汞的污染现状及其规律

唐山石臼坨岛群位于东经118°22′—118°55′、北纬39°00′～39°10′之间,岛群浅海区最大水深约35米,底质以沉积淤泥和细沙为主。 实验 一、布点:石臼坨岛群浅海区分4个断面(01、02、03、04),采样站位14个;岛群潮间带采样站位16个(1～16)。在每个站位采集     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.