高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱法测定地表水中微囊藻毒素

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱法测定饮用水源地地表水中痕量微囊藻毒素MC-LR,优化了色谱和质谱条件,以甲醇/水(含0.1％甲酸)混合溶液(体积比60:40)为流动相,选择定量离子质荷比(m/z)996.3.方法在0.100 mg/L-2.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.02 μg/L,空白水样加...     

HPLC-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定水中多种微囊藻毒素

水样经HLB小柱富集、净化后，采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-高分辨飞行时间质谱同时测定水样中MC-LA、MC-LF、〖JP3〗MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-LY、MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-WR等8种微囊藻毒素。试验表明，8种微囊藻毒素在0500 μg/L～〖JP〗100 μg/L范围内线性良好，方法检出限为0001 μg/L～0005 μg/L，自来水空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为725%～998%，5次测定结果的RSD为19%～112%。将该方法用于测定珠海本地水产养殖鱼塘和小型水库的水样，结果均未检出     

UPLC-MS/MS测定地表水中总微囊藻毒素的快速前处理方法探究

为方便地表水中总微囊藻毒素(TMCs)的预警监测,探究提取MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR的不同快速前处理方法,建立同时测定3种TMCs的煮沸-过滤-UPLC-MS/MS法。该方法在0.006μg/L~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.006μg/L~0.010μg/L,实际水样3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为88.6%~108%,6次测定结果的RSD为2.6%~9.4%。     

超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水中特定污染物

采用超高压液相色谱/质谱联用法测定地表水特定项目中包括微囊藻毒素-LR在内的13种污染物,对测定条件进行优化,使得各目标化合物均能在3min内检测完毕.试验表明,方法在各测定范围内线性良好,相关系数均〉0.99,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.12μg/L～8.40μg/L,地表水样的加标回收率在62.0% ～104%之间,6次平行测定的RSD〈6%.用该方法测实际水样,阿特拉津和马拉硫磷被检出,质量浓度分别为0.6μg/L和0.7μg/L.     

响应面法优化测定水体中微囊藻毒素

针对水体中低浓度微囊藻毒素(MC-RR和MC-LR)的富集、淋洗、洗脱等前处理环节,采用单因素响应面优化法探讨微囊藻毒素前处理的最佳条件。结果表明:采用体积分数为25%的甲醇水溶液能够取得最佳淋洗效果,由One Factor设计优化得到体积分数为75%的甲醇水溶液作洗脱剂,MC-RR和MC-LR最佳回收率为89.4%和90.7%。方法在0.100 mg/L~5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,MC-RR和MC-LR的检出限分别为0.07μg/L和0.04μg/L,实际水样加标回收率分别为80.6%和84.9%,平行测定结果的RSD分别为1.6%和2.4%。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-LW、MC-LF、MC-YR)的方法。选择甲醇-水(1∶4,V/V)为ASE萃取溶剂,萃取温度和萃取压力分别为80℃和13.1 MPa,固相萃取过程以HLB小柱为萃取柱,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析。方法在5种微囊藻毒素质量浓度5~100μg/L内线性良好(r0.995),回收率为76.0%~118%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~12.0%,检出限为2~3μg/kg,定量下限为8~12μg/kg。该方法已用于西太湖沉积物的检测,具有较好的方法适用性。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定武汉东湖水体中微囊藻毒素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)测定东湖水样中微囊藻毒素(MC)的方法,考察了不同流动相、淋洗液和洗脱液对MC-RR和MC-LR测定的影响。结果表明,MC-RR和MC-LR的方法检出限分别为0.0789μg/L和0.0234μg/L,其线性定量范围分别为0.1～10.0mg/L和0.06～10.0mg/L;样品测定回收率为78.4%～97.4%,RSD小于6.3%。该法灵敏度高,快速准确,用于实际水样测定的结果令人满意。     

太湖梅梁湾水源水中微囊藻毒素浓度的变化

对太湖梅梁湾水源水中的总藻毒素TMC[(TMC-LR) (TMC-RR)]和胞外藻毒素EMC[(EMC-LR) (EMC-RR)]进行了跟踪检测.结果表明,水体中TMC-RR、TMC-LR、EMC-RR、EMC-LR质量浓度平均分别为1.819 μg/L、1.090 μg/L、0.491 μg/L和0.077 μg/L,无锡市的主要水源地水质已受到微囊藻毒素的污染.提出,应加强水源地水体中微囊藻毒素浓度的监测,确保饮用水的安全.     

水中微囊藻毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法研究

建立测定水体中微囊藻毒素(MCYST)的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.水样通过固相萃取富集净化,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定,6min内完成3种MCYST的分离及检测.MCYST-LR、MCYST-RR、MCYST-YR检出限分别为3.5、2.5、5.0ng/L,回收率为85.6％～107.9％,为水质微囊藻毒素监测提供了一种快速、准确、灵敏的分析方法.     

宁波市饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时微囊藻毒素的污染分析

通过固相萃取净化,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR的方法,并用该方法监测了宁波市两个饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时水体中的微囊藻毒素.监测结果表明,姚江水体中的微囊藻毒素污染水平低,MC-LR和MC-RR没有被检出;梅湖水库水体中MC-RR也未被检出,采取措施后,虽MC-LR有时被检出,但最高时也低于国家标准值(1.0μg/L).     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...