Assessing Impact of Urbanization on River Water Quality In The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China

The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone is one of the most developed regions in China. It has been undergoing a rapid urbanization since the reformation and opening of China in 1978. This process plays a significant impact on the urban environment, particularly river water quality. The main goal of this present study is to assess the impact of urban activities especially urbanization on river water quality for the study area. Some Landsat TM images from 2000 were used to map the areas for different pollution levels of urban river sections for the study area. In addition, an improved equalized synthetic pollution index method was utilized to assess the field analytical results. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the rapidity of urbanization and the pollution levels of urban river water. Compared to the rural river water, urban river water was polluted more seriously. During the urban development process, urbanization and urban activities had a significant negative impact on the river water quality.     

四川省毛河流域污染综合治理方案探讨

分析了四川省毛河流域各类污染源分布状况及水质现状,采用一维稳态单组分水质模型、多宾斯-坎普稳态模型,引入水文数据、水质监测数据、环境统计数据、社会统计公报数据,以Excel作为数据平台,对毛河水环境进行了动态模拟,反演出主要污染物降解系数。总结了毛河水环境目前存在的问题,并模拟计算了2种污染综合治理方案实施后对毛河水质的影响,确定了毛河流域水污染综合治理的重点以及制约因子。     

Influence of changes in hydrodynamic conditions on cadmium transport in tidal river network of the Pearl River Delta, China

With rapid economic development, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China has experienced a series of serious heavy metal pollution events. Considering complex hydrodynamic and pollutants transport process, one-dimensional hydrodynamic model and heavy metal transport model were developed for tidal river network of the PRD. Then, several pollution emergency scenarios were designed by combining with the upper inflow, water quality and the lower tide level boundary conditions. Using this set of models, the temporal and spatial change process of cadmium (Cd) concentration was simulated. The influence of change in hydrodynamic conditions on Cd transport in tidal river network was assessed, and its transport laws were summarized. The result showed the following: Flow changes in the tidal river network were influenced remarkably by tidal backwater action, which further influenced the transport process of heavy metals; Cd concentrations in most sections while encountering high tide were far greater than those while encountering middle or low tides; and increased inflows from upper reaches could intensify water pollution in the West River (while encountering high tide) or the North River (while encountering middle or low tides).     

广佛珠江河网区石油类污染数值模拟研究

基于EFDC模型，构建了广佛珠江感潮河网区三维水动力模型；同时，通过耦合石油类污染物水力输运与悬沙吸附一沉降过程，构建石油类水质数学模型，从而更全面客观地模拟水体石油类污染物的迁移转化过程。通过2001年1月实例模拟及验证，表明模型能较好地模拟再现珠江水体石油类浓度变化过程，为日后珠江水环境质量监控与水质改善、城市河涌整治成果评价及预测等提供技术支持。     

Preliminary occurrence studies of antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta

An improved liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to investigate the occurrence of selected antibiotic residues in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta. LC and MS parameters were optimized to produce the maximum analytical responses for each compound. The established method targeted five groups of antibiotics, namely, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and amphenicols. The method was validated for three types of environmental water matrices, namely, reservoir, river, and estuarine waters. Low detection limits of 0.17–0.18 ng/L for macrolides, 0.22–0.34 ng/L for quinolones, 0.67–1.65 ng/L for tetracyclines, and 0.27–0.56 ng/L for sulfonamides were obtained. No apparent interferences were observed in the chromatograms of all antibiotics groups. The developed method was preliminarily used to analyze water samples collected from Yuen Long River in New Territories, Hong Kong and four sites along the Pearl River Delta. Results showed that high level of tetracycline was found among the groups tested in the local river samples. In Pearl River Delta, we identified significant levels of erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfadiazine in Shenzhen Reservoir.     

A new assessment method for urbanization environmental impact: urban environment entropy model and its application

The thermodynamic law is one of the most widely used scientific principles. The comparability between the environmental impact of urbanization and the thermodynamic entropy was systematically analyzed. Consequently, the concept "Urban Environment Entropy" was brought forward and the "Urban Environment Entropy" model was established for urbanization environmental impact assessment in this study. The model was then utilized in a case study for the assessment of river water quality in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. The results indicated that the assessing results of the model are consistent to that of the equalized synthetic pollution index method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Urban Environment Entropy model has high reliability and can be applied widely in urbanization environmental assessment research using many different environmental parameters.     

古泊善后河水质污染特征及污染来源调查

以2016—2020年古泊善后河国家和省级地表水监测网水质例行监测数据为依据,采用水质指数法(WQI)对古泊善后河水质污染状况进行综合评价;基于水质评价结果,选取影响最大的两项指标COD_Mn和TP,于2020年10月对古泊善后河开展加密监测,调查分析污染来源。结果表明,2016—2020年古泊善后河水质波动变化较大,汛期降雨对水质下降影响明显,COD_Mn、TP、COD_Cr、氟化物和BOD₅是影响古泊善后河水质的主要指标;加密监测期间,古泊善后河干流水质COD_Mn和TP指标浓度分别升高28.9%、38.3%,其中宿迁段升幅显著高于连云港段;支流水质超Ⅲ类比例为22.9%,劣Ⅴ比例为6.3%;部分乡镇生活污水直排和持续降雨将农田中高浓度污染物冲刷进河流支浜,是导致水质下降的主要原因。     

2016—2021年上海市杨浦区黄浦江流域水质变化与污染特征分析

为全面了解并跟踪上海市杨浦区黄浦江流域的水质情况，于2016年1月—2021年12月对杨浦区黄浦江流域的6个监测断面的地表水质量进行调查。采用单因子污染指数分析法和水质综合污染指数分析法，探究了杨浦区内黄浦江流域水质的污染变化特征。结果表明，自2017年杨浦区开展河道整治以来，流域总体水质明显改善，出口水质从重度污染提升到良好水平；居民区密集的虬江断面水质相对较差，后续需加强对虬江流域的污染排放管理；水质污染特征分析结果发现河道的主要污染物种类从氨氮（NH₃-N）转换为总磷(TP)，说明河道整治提升了河道的自净能力，水质改善效果显著；水质在非汛期优于汛期，气温、降雨、泵站放江和污水排放是影响水质的主要原因。     

黄河流域水质和工业污染源研究

为科学评价黄河流域的水质状况及工业企业污染源现状,根据黄河流域2018—2019年地表水和饮用水水源地水质监测数据,建立了综合反映流域水环境质量和可定量分析排名的城市水质指数;利用大数据技术分析工业企业水污染物排放数据,研究建立了企业环境信用动态评价体系。研究结果表明:2018—2019年,黄河流域城市水环境质量得到一定程度的改善,城市地表水环境质量优和良等级数量从17个增加到19个,饮用水水源地优等级城市数量从7个增加到11个;但黄河流域中游地区水污染问题较为严重,需要重点加强水污染控制。水质污染主要以点源工业污染为主,COD和氨氮排放量较多,COD和氨氮年日均排放浓度平均值分别为51.1、3.1 mg/L,工业废水处理率偏低;山西、陕西、河南等"高"风险企业数量较多,分别达到3 047、1 630、1 442家。建议加强黄河流域上下游、左右岸、干支流协同配合,加大水污染防治工作的深度和力度。     

Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses

Water quality information of Beijiang River, a tributary of Pearl River in Guangdong, China, was analyzed to provide an overview of the hydrochemical functioning of a major agricultural/rural area and an industrial/urban area. Eighteen water quality parameters were surveyed at 13 sites from 2005 to 2006 on a monthly basis. A bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the regional correlations of the water quality parameters, while the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to extract the most influential variables for regional variations of river water quality. Six principal components were extracted in PCA which explained more than 78% and 84% of the total variance for agricultural/rural and industrial/urban areas, respectively. Physicochemical factor, organic pollution, sewage pollution, geogenic factor, agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and accumulated pesticide usage were identified as potential pollution sources for agricultural/rural area, whereas industrial wastewaters pollution, mineral pollution, geogenic factor, urban sewage pollution, chemical industrial pollution, and water traffic pollution were the latent pollution sources for industrial/urban area. A multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) technique was used to estimate contributions of all identified pollution sources to each water quality parameter. High coefficients of determination of the regression equations suggested that the MLR-APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of most water quality parameters in the Beijiang River Basin.     

太浦河界标断面水质达标综合治理对策

简述了太浦河界标断面2020年水质考核目标以及区域水污染现状。指出,界标断面水质主要超标因子为DO和TP,农业面源污染、工业污染、生活污水处理相对滞后、内源污染、部分黑臭河道河段清淤不彻底是导致区域水污染的主要因素。提出,要推进农业面源污染治理,强化工业污染源治理,加强区域性污染物控制以及生活污染源整治,促进河湖生态系统恢复,加强自动监测站管理工作。     

Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques

This study investigates the spatial water quality pattern of seven stations located along the main Langat River. Environmetric methods, namely, the hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA), the discriminant analysis (DA), the principal component analysis (PCA), and the factor analysis (FA), were used to study the spatial variations of the most significant water quality variables and to determine the origin of pollution sources. Twenty-three water quality parameters were initially selected and analyzed. Three spatial clusters were formed based on HACA. These clusters are designated as downstream of Langat river, middle stream of Langat river, and upstream of Langat River regions. Forward and backward stepwise DA managed to discriminate six and seven water quality variables, respectively, from the original 23 variables. PCA and FA (varimax functionality) were used to investigate the origin of each water quality variable due to land use activities based on the three clustered regions. Seven principal components (PCs) were obtained with 81% total variation for the high-pollution source (HPS) region, while six PCs with 71% and 79% total variances were obtained for the moderate-pollution source (MPS) and low-pollution source (LPS) regions, respectively. The pollution sources for the HPS and MPS are of anthropogenic sources (industrial, municipal waste, and agricultural runoff). For the LPS region, the domestic and agricultural runoffs are the main sources of pollution. From this study, we can conclude that the application of environmetric methods can reveal meaningful information on the spatial variability of a large and complex river water quality data.     

Monitoring, assessment and modelling using water quality data in the Saale River Basin, Germany

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the overall driver for this environmental study and currently requires the identification of patterns and sources of pollution (monitoring) to support objective ecological sound decision making and specific measures to enhance river water quality (modelling). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate in a case study the interrelationship between (1) hydrologic and water quality monitoring data for river basin characterization and (2) modelling applications to assess resources management alternatives. The study deals with monitoring assessment and modelling of river water quality data of the main stem Saale River and its principal tributaries. For a period of 6 years the data, which was sampled by Environmental Agencies of the German states of Thuringia, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt, was investigated to assess sources and indicators of pollution. In addition to the assessment a modelling exercise of the routing of different pollutants was carried out in the lower part of the test basin. The modelling is a tool to facilitate the evaluation of alternative measures to reduce contaminant loadings and improve ecological status of a water body as required by WFD. The transport of suspended solids, salts and heavy metals was modelled along a selected Saale reach under strong anthropogenic influence in terms of contaminants and river morphology between the city of Halle and the confluence with the Elbe River. The simulations were carried out with the model WASP5 which is a dynamic flood-routing and water quality model package developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency.     

采用分段法研究新洋港入河污染物总量控制目标

将新洋港分为3段,分别对各段的生活、农业、工业污染源进行调查,分析了污染特征。根据社会经济发展情况预测了2012年和2015年的入河污染物总量。综合考虑水文水质和功能区等因素,采用模型计算了2012年和2015年的水环境容量,根据结果制定了新洋港入河污染物总量控制目标。     

珠三角典型河道49种抗生素污染现状及风险评估

为评估抗生素在珠三角地表水中的生态及健康风险,在石岐河布设20个监测点位,分别采集丰水期和枯水期样品,用固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-质谱法对4大类共49种抗生素进行检测。结果显示,在丰水期和枯水期样品中共检出抗生素30种,检出种类和抗生素总浓度都呈现出枯水期明显大于丰水期的现象。从总量上看,喹诺酮类是影响石岐河生态环境安全的主要抗生素类别。石岐河抗生素浓度在枯水期主要受污水处理设施出水的影响,在丰水期主要受沿岸养殖业排水的影响。采用风险熵法对生态风险进行评估,发现枯水期生态风险高于丰水期,头孢匹啉、克林霉素、诺氟沙星3种抗生素处于高生态风险级别,罗红霉素、磺胺二甲异恶唑和奥索利酸3种抗生素处于中等生态风险级别,另有4种抗生素处于低生态风险级别,应引起重视。采用健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行评价,发现石岐河抗生素致癌风险和非致癌风险皆处于可接受的健康风险范围内。     

杭州市钱塘江干支流水质多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法分析了杭州市钱塘江干支流上26个断面的水质监测指标。利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,与钱塘江流域污染空间分布现状基本一致。对各组水质的主成分分析表明,第1组河流水质以有机污染为主,水体中氮、磷营养盐浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染来源相对单一;第2组河流水体受有机物、重金属、石油类等多个污染指标的影响,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组河流水体既有一般有机污染,也有重金属、有毒有害物质的污染,水体水质污染严重。     

Organochlorinated Compounds in Waters of the Pearl River Delta Region

Samples of river water and sewage water were analysed for ten PCB congeners, chlorobenzenes and chlorinated pesticides (BHCs and DDT) in three cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Zhaoqing) in the Pearl River Delta, The results showed that the sewage water in Shengzhen had the highest concentration of total PCBs at about 10ng/L, and Dasha River (Shengzhen), the lowest at about 1.0ng/L. In general, the sewage waters in the three cities had higher concentrations of PCBs than river waters. Chlorobenzenes were investigated in the water samples. The total concentrations of chlorobenzenes ranged from 0.02~0.13g/L, the Dasha River had the highest level of chlorobenzenes, and the sewage water in the city of Zhaoqing had the next highest. The result may be related to the discharges from paper production factories nearby the sampling sections of the Dasha River (Shenzhen) and sewage water in Zhaoqing. The concentrations of organochlorinated pesticides (-BHC, -BHC, -BHC, DDT and DDE) changed little in all water samples except for the sewage water in Guangzhou. It seemed that these pesticides are more a residual signal than a direct discharge from point sources.     

Phenolic water pollutants in a Malaysian River basin

Phenolic chemicals with their very low taste and odour thresholds, high persistence and toxicity, are of growing concern as water pollutants. The compounds are known to exist in raw water as well as in treated water. The level of phenolic priority pollutants in water within the catchment area of the Linggi River Treatment Plant in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, which includes the Linggi river basin, was monitored. The 4-aminoantipyrin colourimetric method was used to determine total phenols whereas capillary column gas chromatography was used to determine the individual compounds. The results show that at most sampling stations, particularly those within the Seremban municipality, the level of phenols was found to exceed the recommended Malaysian standard of 2.0 g/L^-1 for raw water. This is seen as the direct impact of industrial and urbanization of the area and clearly indicates the unhealthy state of the Linggi river. The results also indicate the need to improve the water quality if the river is going to be used as a source of raw water.     

流域污染分异特征及成因分析

目前中国地表水十大流域水质差异较大,以2013年国家监测网监测数据为例,重度污染水质断面多分布于海河、淮河和黄河中下游地区。究其原因,黄河、海河、淮河单位面积水资源量较少、水资源利用率较高、水体自净能力下降;同时长年居高不下的污染物排放累积效应严重影响水质改善;重污染行业集聚、排放强度大、城市化进程较快、第二产业比重较高等因素加剧了水资源的供需矛盾,最终影响水质改善。     

Identification of source of faecal pollution of Tirumanimuttar River, Tamilnadu, India using microbial source tracking

Efficient management of deteriorating water bodies can be achieved by determining the sources of faecal pollution. Resourceful techniques for discrimination of the sources of Escherichia coli in surface water have recently been developed, including the use of river water to facilitate faecal indicator surveillance, identification of sources of faecal contamination and employing relevant management practices to maintain water quality. This study was conducted to employ microbial source tracking (MST) techniques for the determination of the sources of faecal pollution based on a water quality investigation of the physico-chemical characteristics and coliform count point of the Tirumanimuttar River. To accomplish this, an MST library-based antibiotic resistance analysis, serotyping and the genomic tool rep-PCR techniques were applied, and the obtained results were analysed statistically. Among 135 and 70 E. coli isolates present in the library and water samples collected from the river and nearby well water sources, respectively, most showed intrinsic, high or moderate resistance to antibiotics. Isolates from human and pig faecal sources were 92% homologous with the samples from the river, whereas isolates from sewage and dairy cattle showed 89% and 80% homology, respectively. These findings indicated that the Tirumanimuttar River is subjected to stress from anthropogenic activities and runoff contaminated with agricultural and human faecal contamination. The sources of faecal pollution identified in this study may facilitate the monitoring and management of the Tirumanimuttar River.