水中硝基氯苯类化合物的应急检测方法研究

文章研究并建立了一种快速便捷测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。采用固相微萃取方法富集水中目标物,使用便携式气相色谱/质谱仪进行检测。优化后的萃取条件为:使用65μm的PDMS/DVB萃取头,水温60℃、转速200r/min下萃取50min。结果表明,硝基氯苯类化合物在10.0~500μg/L范围内呈现良好线性,相关系数均大于0.980;空白水样加标相对标准偏差为2.28%~11.3%,加标回收率为77%~130%;实际水样加标相对标准偏差为3.93%~6.73%,加标回收率为90%~115%;检出限范围为1.37~3.57μg/L。     

液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立了液液萃取-气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。中性条件下,在水样中加入氯化钠,用环己烷进行萃取,得到方法检出限为0.019~0.044μg/L,在10.0μg/L~1.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.999。加标水平为2.5μg/L时,空白水样加标回收率为74.8%~104%,相对标准偏差为4.79%~11.5%;实际水样加标回收率为69.1%~111%,相对标准偏差为5.83%~17.6%。方法适用于成分不复杂的实际水样中硝基氯苯类化合物的检测。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

建立了固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱(GC)法分析环境水样中痕量酞酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的方法。选用65 μm PDMS/CVB萃取纤维,在磁力搅拌转速为700 r/min、萃取温度为60℃条件下,对水样中的PAEs萃取富集50 min,然后直接注入GC进样口,在 250℃ 温度下解吸1.5 min后进行分析测定,6种PAEs能得到充分提取和分离。方法的检出限为0.010 8~0.029 3 μg/L。对水样进行3个质量浓度水平(0.025、0.125、0.25 μg/L)的加标实验,加标回收率为41.79%~132.80%,RSD为6.53%~18.74%(n=7),用该法测定了某制药厂的实际水样,测得DBP含量为0.018 6 μg/L,DEHP、 DMP、DEP、DOP、BBP均未检测到。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中硝基氯苯类化合物

建立固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中15种硝基氯苯类化合物的方法。选用HLB柱为固相萃取柱,选用环己烷∶丙酮(3∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂作洗脱剂,得到方法检出限为0.011～0.040μg/L。空白水样加标回收率为73.6%～119%,相对标准偏差为6.1%～13.9%,精密度和准确度良好。对成分不复杂的实际水样进行测定,加标回收率为64.1%～118%,相对标准偏差为5.8%～15.6%,该方法能够基本满足成分不复杂的环境水体中痕量硝基氯苯类化合物的测定。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量甲萘威

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量甲萘威的方法,并对固相微萃取条件进行了优化。结果显示,固相萃取的最佳条件为:水样pH值≤3,不添加无机盐,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS,100μm)作为萃取纤维,萃取温度为80℃,萃取时间为30 min,解吸时间为90 s。优化后的方法,在甲萘威质量浓度0.01~1.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 5,方法的精密度为1.9%,检出限为0.3μg/L,加标回收率为85.6%~92.4%,可满足地表水中甲萘威的测定要求。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中氯酚类化合物

建立了水中2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱分析方法。研究确定以聚丙烯酸酯(PA,85μm)为萃取头,加入0.3 m L质量浓度为0.1 mol/L的H_2SO_4溶液和1.5 g的Na_2SO_4调节待测液的p H值和离子强度,萃取温度为80℃,萃取时间为50 min,搅拌速率为250 r/min时萃取效果最好;最佳解吸时间为5 min。在该优化条件下,3种物质在0.1~10 000μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均0.999,检出限为0.023~0.13μg/L,实际样品的加标回收率为82.5%~101.7%。该方法萃取过程不需有机溶剂,绿色、简便,且具有较高的灵敏度,适用于地表水、地下水等环境水样中氯酚类化合物的痕量检测与批量分析。     

气相色谱/质谱法测定水中15种酞酸酯类化合物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中15种酞酸酯类化合物,确定方法的最优条件为:依次用10 m L正己烷和丙酮混合溶剂(V/V=5∶1)、甲醇和空白试剂水活化C18固相萃取柱后,水样以5 m L/min过柱萃取,再以8 m L正己烷:丙酮(V/V=5∶1)混合溶剂洗脱后,浓缩至1 m L,进气相色谱/质谱测定。该法的检出限为0.18~0.38μg/L,在0.50~20.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均0.996。空白水样的加标回收率为71.8%~120%,相对标准偏差为1.73%~12.7%;实际废水水样的加标回收率为64.8%~135%,相对标准偏差为2.75%~18.0%。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

采用固相萃取-氢火焰离子化检测器气相色谱法测定水中15种酞酸酯类化合物,通过试验优化前处理条件,使方法在0.500 mg/L~20.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.20μg/L~0.39μg/L。空白水样的加标回收率为66.6%~120%,试验6次结果的RSD为5.7%~12.5%。用该方法测定实际水样,加标回收率为66.8%~119%,6次测定结果的RSD为5.4%~11.8%。     

SPME-HPLC法测定废水中硝基苯酚类化合物

采用固相微萃取处理废水样,用高效液相色谱法测定水样中10种硝基苯酚类化合物。通过优化前处理和仪器测定的条件,使该方法在0.020 0 mg/L~3.00 mg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为5μg/L~39μg/L,空白水样的3个质量浓度水平加标回收率为49.3%~82.9%,RSD为8.3%~18.1%。用该方法测定某企业的实际废水样,结果未检出,其3个质量浓度水平加标回收率为50.6%~79.7%,RSD为7.6%~18.4%。     

固相萃取-气质联用法测定水中有机氯农药和氯苯类化合物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)同时测定水中26种有机氯农药和8种氯苯类化合物,通过选择合适的SPE小柱、优化固相萃取和仪器检测的条件,使该方法在0.050 0 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好。各目标物的方法检出限为0.021μg/L~0.069μg/L,空白水样的加标回收率为36.6%~133%,RSD为0.5%~12.4%。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...