沉降时间对地表水铁锰测定的影响

地表水中铁锰总量的高低是评价水质优劣的重要指标。地表水中铁锰总量与总悬浮颗粒物浓度成正比。地表水中铁锰主要来源于悬浮颗粒物的吸附,溶解态铁锰很少。水样中铁锰含量随自然沉降时间的延长而逐渐降低。而当水样自然体系中加入硝酸后情况有所不同。因此,样品采集后自然沉降时间是影响测定结果的一个主要原因之一。     

影响地表水中总磷测定的因素探讨

总磷是评价水质的一项重要指标,现对样品中悬浮物(泥沙)含量、加酸保存样品保存时间与调节pH值对总磷测定的影响进行研究。结果表明,随着沉降时间的延长总磷测定值逐渐降低,加酸保存的样品总磷测定值随保存时间的延长而增高,且测定时是否调回中性对测定结果基本无影响。故进行地表水中总磷的测定需严格按照标准规定的样品采样过程控制采样沉降时间,加酸保存,24 h以内进行测定,测定时无需调回中性。     

地表水泥沙与总磷测定值的相关性分析

为研究总磷与泥沙之间的质量浓度关系,采集了三峡库区7个断面的地表水样品,通过筛分、滤膜过滤等方式,分离了水样中不同粒径的泥沙,得到含不同泥沙质量浓度的水样,并同步分析了水样中泥沙和总磷的质量浓度.结果表明,在丰水期,总磷主要来源于泥沙中吸附的有机磷和无机磷,而溶解态磷较少.泥沙与总磷质量浓度可以用线性关系和对数关系模拟,泥沙是影响地表水中总磷测定结果的主要原因之一.     

地表水水样自然沉降放置试验与讨论

本文用四种方式对地表水样品的自然沉降在采样环节还是在分析环节进行实验,对BOD5、CODMn、CODcr之类分析时不需对样品进行预处理的项目有一定影响,自然沉降在分析环节的监测结果低于在采样环节的监测结果;对氨氮、总磷之类分析时需对样品进行预处理的项目影响几率基本持平。     

地表水总磷测定中现场前处理方式及分析方法比对研究

针对目前地表水总磷测定中样品采集和分析过程普遍存在的技术问题,选取多泥沙河流(长江、黄河)、感潮河段(浙闽片区)、湖库(太湖流域) 3类典型水体的多个点位,以及代表一般河流(除多泥沙河流和感潮河段以外的河流)水体的点位为研究对象,探讨不同现场前处理方式和分析方法对总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:现场前处理方式是影响总磷测定结果的主要因素,总磷浓度与浊度呈正相关。对于地表水采样,建议一般河流(沉降30 min后,浊度50 NTU)采用沉降30 min的现场前处理方式,泥沙含量大的水体(沉降30 min后,浊度≥50 NTU)采用4000 r/min离心2 min的现场前处理方式,多藻类湖库水体采用63μm筛过滤的现场前处理方式。可通过浊度色度补偿消除实验室比色干扰。     

五里湖—梅梁湖磷污染调查

通过对五里湖-梅梁湖洗涤剂“禁（限）磷”前后水体磷含量变化的调查，表明，禁止使用含磷洗衣粉两年后，五里湖水体中总磷含量降低20%，梅梁湖总磷含量也有下降趋势，但是五里湖近5年的总磷监测结果均超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GHZB1-1999）中Ⅴ类标准。指出，洗衣粉中所含的磷是湖区磷污染的重要来源，而水体磷负荷的大量来源是人体排泄、农业面源（含畜禽、水产养殖）和工业点源。提出，“治前”（禁磷）是前提，“治后”（除磷）是手段，根本的一条是控制入湖的总磷量，维持湖体生态平衡。     

总磷测定过程中的几点体会

地表水总磷测定中 ,样品消解时间通常需保持 3 0 min,通过进行缩短时间的试验 ,确认消解时间由 3 0 min缩短至 1 0 min,总磷测定结果符合要求。水中总磷测定时 ,标准系列需加 4ml5 % ( m/v)过硫酸钾溶液消解 0 .5 h,对校准曲线制备方法进行改进 ,省略了加热氧化操作步骤 ,样品测定结果无显著差异。地表水总磷测定中显色温度对显色时间存在很大影响 ,而且它们之间存在着一定的线性关系 ,经对低浓度水样进行显色试验 :在室温 1 5℃时 ,显色时间需 1 5 min,显色持续时间可达 3 0 min;而在室温 3 0℃时 ,显色时间仅需 5 min,显色持续时间为 2 0 …     

太湖氮磷大气干湿沉降时空特征

为了探索太湖氮磷营养盐干湿沉降特征及对太湖营养盐输入的贡献，于2011年不同季节采集太湖不同位点的大气干湿沉降样品，分析干湿沉降中氮（N）和磷（P）的形态和沉降量。研究结果表明，输入太湖的磷以干沉降为主，而氮以湿沉降为主。在太湖干沉降中总无机氮（TIN）占总氮（TN）的77.1%，溶解性磷（DIP）占总磷（TP）的77.9%。干沉降中TIN主要以NH+4-N为主。西太湖是TN与TP通过大气干湿沉降输入太湖的最高湖区。太湖全年大气TN沉降总量为20 978 t，TP沉降总量为1 268 t，因此，氮磷大气干湿沉降是太湖营养盐输入的重要来源之一。     

铋磷钼蓝分光光度法测定土壤中磷含量

土壤中磷含量的分析是土壤环境监测的主要项目之一.建立了铋磷钼蓝分光光度法测定土壤中磷含量的新方法,与现有的《土壤全磷测定方法》(GB 9837-88)和土壤总磷快速检测仪方法进行了比较讨论.方法的检出限为5.0 mg/kg,对磷含量为475 mg/kg和292 mg/kg的标准土壤样品进行测定,结果与标准值吻合,其相对...     

等离子发射光谱法测定磷的方法探讨

根据《环境监测分析方法修订技术导则》(HJ168-2010),对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定总磷进行了分析方法实验,并进行了环境样品和标准样品分析,实验结果都能与钼锑抗分光光度法(A)的分析结果很好地吻合。依据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)中总磷的数据要求,将P213.617nm分析线确定为最佳分析线。该实验为等离子体发射光谱法测磷纳入《水和废水监测分析方法》提供了技术支持。     

Evaluation of Point and Diffuse Sources of Nutrients in a River Basin on Base of Monitoring Data

The methodology of materials accounting is presented and applied to developing nutrient balance (nitrogen and phosphorus) in a river basin. The method is based on the balance principle: inputs and outputs of each nitrogen and phosphorus related sub-systems were balanced. The application of the methodology strategies was illustrated by means of a case study of the Krka river, Slovenia. Different pathways of emission to surface waters were taken into account: WWTP discharges, direct discharges, erosion/runoff and baseflow. Total annual emission into the river Krka was estimated to be 362 tonnes N/year and 73.3 tonnes P/year. The main sources of nitrogen are diffuse sources, emitted via baseflow (52%). Other important sources are effluents from WWTP, which account for 36% of total emissions. Other sources like erosion and direct discharges to surface water (animal manure, industry, households) are of lower magnitude. Erosion is main source of phosphorus emission (55% of total emission), WWTP effluents account for 37% of total emission, while other sources are less important. Besides reduction of point sources by means of wastewater collection and implementation of nutrient removal technology, managing agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus to protect water quality should become a major challenge in the Krka river basin.     

过硫酸钠同时消解养殖尾水中总氮和总磷的探索

大部分池塘养殖尾水中总氮、总磷质量浓度偏高,测定过程中需要对样品进行稀释,耗时较长且影响准确度。实验室分析时,通常采用过硫酸钾对尾水样品进行消解,其配置过程对温度要求较高,易析出晶体,且耗时较长。而过硫酸钠易溶于水,受温度影响较小,易配制。因此,分别采用上述2种过硫酸盐消解液对样品进行消解并同时测定总氮、总磷的质量浓度,比较2种消解方式对校准曲线、加标回收率、养殖尾水实际样品测定的影响。结果表明,等质量或等物质的量的过硫酸钠消解液均能满足总氮、总磷的消解要求,且后者消解样品无须改变氢氧化钠的加入量和调整pH值,即可达到同等消解效果。因此,可采用等物质的量的过硫酸钠代替过硫酸钾同时消解养殖尾水中的总氮、总磷。     

稻田种植对地表径流污染状况调查研究

以辽宁省营口市水稻种植区为研究区域,通过对监测地块实地调研、资料收集、监测分析,在稻田整个作物生长周期化肥、农药的施加等情况下开展氮、磷污染物对地表径流污染状况的调查研究.结果表明:化肥、农药的施加均会使受纳水体中总磷、总氮质量浓度升高,施肥后总氮质量浓度上升最显著,绿色种植在扣除总氮背景值后达到37.7 mg/L,有...     

浑太河流域水质达标控制方法研究

结合浑太河流域水资源网络节点图,根据污染物来源、种类及其产生机理,针对计算单元水资源供需平衡预测数据、降雨径流值,分点源、非点源进行规划水平年污染物入河量的预测。根据浑太河流域地形特征、入河污染物降解特性,以水功能区水体纳污能力为计算单元污染物排放总量控制条件,给出基于规划水平年入河污染物变动特性的水质达标控制方法。运用该方法进行浑太河流域水质达标控制:2030年,流域总需水7.4亿立方米,缺水深度在1%以下,COD、NH3-N、TP、TN的入河量分别为28.5×104、2.8×104、3.1×104、4.6×104t,对应的入河控制量分别为9.3×104、0.6×104、0.8×104、0.9×104t,经控制后水功能区目标水质达标率100%。证实了该水质达标控制方法有效、可行。     

在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮

探讨了在同一消解液中同时测定总磷、总氮的分析方法。实验结果表明，选用合适的氢氧化钠和过硫酸钾的加入量，可在同一消解液中同时测定总磷和总氮，并能克服消解液保存时间短的缺点。应用本文所拟最佳条件对标样和水样进行分析，结果准确，方法实用。     

Estimation of phosphorus flux in rivers during flooding

Reservoirs in Taiwan are inundated with nutrients that result in algal growth, and thus also reservoir eutrophication. Controlling the phosphorus load has always been the most crucial issue for maintaining reservoir water quality. Numerous agricultural activities, especially the production of tea in riparian areas, are conducted in watersheds in Taiwan. Nutrients from such activities, including phosphorus, are typically flushed into rivers during flooding, when over 90 % of the yearly total amount of phosphorous enters reservoirs. Excessive or enhanced soil erosion from rainstorms can dramatically increase the river sediment load and the amount of particulate phosphorus flushed into rivers. When flow rates are high, particulate phosphorus is the dominant form of phosphorus, but sediment and discharge measurements are difficult during flooding, which makes estimating phosphorus flux in rivers difficult. This study determines total amounts of phosphorus transport by measuring flood discharge and phosphorous levels during flooding. Changes in particulate phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and their adsorption behavior during a 24-h period are analyzed owing to the fact that the time for particulate phosphorus adsorption and desorption approaching equilibrium is about 16 h. Erosion of the reservoir watershed was caused by adsorption and desorption of suspended solids in the river, a process which can be summarily described using the Lagmuir isotherm. A method for estimating the phosphorus flux in the Daiyujay Creek during Typhoon Bilis in 2006 is presented in this study. Both sediment and phosphorus are affected by the drastic discharge during flooding. Water quality data were collected during two flood events, flood in June 9, 2006 and Typhoon Bilis, to show the concentrations of suspended solids and total phosphorus during floods are much higher than normal stages. Therefore, the drastic changes of total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus in rivers during flooding should be monitored to evaluate the loading of phosphorus more precisely. The results show that monitoring and controlling phosphorus transport during flooding can help prevent the eutrophication of a reservoir.     

Water quality assessment using integrated modeling and monitoring in Narva Bay, Gulf of Finland

A coupled three-dimensional hydrodynamic–ecological model was used for the assessment of water quality in Narva Bay during one biologically active season. Narva Bay is located in the south-eastern Gulf of Finland. Narva River with a catchment’s area covering part of Russia and Estonia discharges water and nutrients to Narva Bay. The ecological model includes phytoplankton carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, chlorophyll a, zooplankton, detritus carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus and dissolved oxygen as state variables. Both the hydrodynamic and ecosystem models were validated using a limited number of measurements. The hydrodynamic model validation included comparison of time series of currents and temperature and salinity profiles. The ecological model results were compared with the monitoring data of phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen and phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. The comparison of hydrodynamic parameters, phytoplankton biomass, surface layer total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen and near-bottom layer total nitrogen was reasonable. Time series of spatially mean values and standard deviations of selected parameters were calculated for the whole Narva Bay. Combining model results and monitoring data, the characteristic concentrations of phytoplankton biomass, total nitrogen and phosphorus and near-bottom dissolved oxygen were estimated. Phytoplankton biomass and total phosphorus showed seasonal variations, of 0.6–1.1 and 0.022–0.032 mg/l, respectively, during spring bloom, 0.1–0.3 and 0.015–0.025 mg/l in summer and 0.2–0.6 and 0.017–0.035 mg/l during autumn bloom. Total nitrogen and near-bottom oxygen concentrations were rather steady, being 0.25–0.35 and 2–6 mg/l, respectively. The total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations show that according to the classification of Estonian coastal waters, Narva Bay water belongs to a good water quality class.     

Water Quality Prediction of Water Sources Based on Meteorological Factors using the CA-NARX Approach

With the increasingly serious problem of surface water environmental safety, it is of great significance to study the changing trend of reservoir water quality, and it is necessary to establish a water quality prediction and early warning system for the management and maintenance of water resources. Aiming at the problem of water quality prediction in reservoirs, a CA-NARX algorithm is designed, which combines the improved dynamic clustering algorithm with the idea of machine learning and the forward dynamic regression neural network. The improved dynamic clustering algorithm is used to classify the eutrophication degree of waterbodies according to the total phosphorus and total nitrogen content. Considering four meteorological factors, air temperature, water temperature, water surface evaporation, and rainfall, synthetically for each water quality condition, the total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the waterbody are forecasted by an improved forward NARX dynamic regression neural network. Based on this, the CA-NARX prediction algorithm can realize short period water quality prediction. Compared with the traditional support vector regression machine model, improved GA-BP neural network, and exponential smoothing method, the CA-NARX model has the least prediction error.

     

前处理方法对水体总磷测定值的影响研究

研究了水样静置30 min和全部混合立即测定2种前处理方法对江苏省环太湖15条主要出入湖河流总磷测定值的影响,结果表明,采样后静置30 min测定的总磷浓度较低,仅为全部混匀立即测定总磷浓度的46%～80%;水体中漂浮水华蓝藻数量是影响2种前处理方法总磷测定结果差异性的重要因素,去除漂浮水华蓝藻较多的7条入湖河流监测数据后,静置30 min测定的总磷浓度为全部混匀立即测定总磷浓度的71%～80%。提出,基于不同的测定目的,应有针对性地选择总磷前处理方法,在水环境质量状况评估时,可参照国家标准或最新技术规定的前处理方法执行,以保证总磷浓度的可比性;在进行总磷入湖通量研究时,建议采用全部混合立即测定的前处理方法,以反映水体中实际总磷浓度;在不同国家水体总磷浓度比较时,建议采用相同的前处理方法进行总磷浓度测定。