武汉市降尘污染特征及影响因素

以武汉市2006—2013年降尘数据为例,采用SPSS19.0软件统计分析了中部地区内陆城市的降尘污染特征及其影响因素。结果表明,月均降尘污染呈5月峰、11月谷三次曲线型,季节降尘污染呈春季夏季冬(秋)季,年均降尘量呈显著下降趋势。各功能区降尘量差异显著,从多到少顺序依次为工业区交通稠密区居商工混区清洁区。根据主成分分析结果,对于武汉这类经济发展中的中部内陆城市来说,气象因素是影响降尘的重要外在因素。社会因素是主要内在影响因素,其中经济发展因子的影响高于环境建设因子。     

基于因子分析的乌鲁木齐市冬季大气降尘来源与时空变化特征

利用2000—2009乌鲁木齐市不同功能区域大气降尘通量数据,建立因子分析模型,研究了乌鲁木齐市冬季大气降尘的来源与时空变化特征。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市冬季大气降尘的主要来源为燃煤烟尘、工业粉尘、交通道路尘。工业区、交通干线和居住区为全市冬季大气降尘量较大的区域。主城区冬季大气降尘通量呈下降趋势,主要与工业排放和采暖燃煤对大气降尘的贡献减少及相关大气污染控制取得实效有关。交通道路区域的降尘通量呈波动状态,变化较小。清洁点降尘通量前5年保持稳定,而后5年受到人为活动的影响,呈显著增加趋势。     

南通市某钢丝绳行业集中区降尘中重金属污染状况评价

针对南通市钢丝绳行业集中区重金属污染问题,分析降尘中的铅、镉、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌、锰等重金属含量,并采用污染指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该集中区降尘中重金属污染程度依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr,铅、锌为主要污染因子,铅、锌污染级别均处于重污染级别。     

石河子市自然降尘污染特征及其影响因素

通过对石河子市自然降尘及降尘可燃物监测数据以及气候特点,气象因子的分析,指出了该市自然降尘的污染特征、变化规律和影响降尘量的相关因素;提出烟尘污染治理,扩大绿化面积,改变局部小气候,可以有效地降低降尘量,改善该市的大气环境质量。     

克拉玛依市区大气尘污染研究

对克拉玛依市区大气尘污染的特征及变化规律进行了全面的分析和研究。结果表明，市区的尘污染有加重的趋势，降尘属中度污染，道路尘污 染也较严重。提出了一些具体的防治对策。     

石河子市环境空气质量变化趋势浅析

根据石河子市1982-2001年空气中SO2、NOx、TSP和降尘等大气污染物浓度的变化情况,分析其空气质量变化的原因和条件,并用Spearman秩相关系数法对其变化趋势进行了分析,得出石河子市环境空气质量有所好转,SO2、NOx、TSP、降尘浓度均有不同程度的下降。并对干旱地区的城市化建设、污染控制及改善环境质量作了有益的探讨。     

白银市工业污染源重金属排放特征分析

以甘肃省白银市为例,利用等标污染负荷法和单位产值等标污染负荷法,从污染物种类、时间变化、空间分布、行业排放4个方面,分析了白银市工业污染源重金属的排放特征,重点比较了2000—2010年期间重金属排放特征的变化。结果表明,近11年以来白银市工业污染源重金属等标污染负荷大小排序为砷>铅>镉>汞>六价铬;重金属排放总量呈下降趋势,单位产值重金属排放总量呈显著下降趋势;但是定量趋势分析的结果则显示最近5年仅有砷和镉呈下降趋势,而汞和铅呈现明显上升趋势;2009年重金属等标污染负荷和单位产值等标污染负荷最大的行政区和流域分别为白银区和白银市东大沟流域;污染负荷和单位产值污染负荷最大的行业均为金属制品业。因此,白银市应将白银区东大沟流域沿线的金属制品业行业,特别是白银公司的重金属污染作为环境整治的重点。     

阜新市大气降尘污染特征及影响因素分析

对阜新市2000年~2008年大气降尘的污染状况及变化趋势进行统计分析,结果表明,阜新市降尘污染一直比较重,尤其以春季污染最为突出,从空间分布来看,工业区污染最重,其次是交通区,总体上阜新市降尘污染呈下降趋势,但变化不显著。同时分析了阜新市降尘污染的影响因素,并提出了相应的改善措施。     

乌鲁木齐市降尘的浓度水平和空间分布及与城市PM_(10)的相关性分析

以2005—2009年乌鲁木齐市城市大气降尘数据为依据,对乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的浓度水平和变化规律进行了研究,用Arc-GIS绘出乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的空间分布图,并分析和探讨了城市降尘与PM10相关性及防治对策。     

甘肃干旱、半干旱地区尘类污染特征分析

本文用近１０年来ＴＳＰ、降尘监测数据对甘肃省干旱、半干旱地区尘类污染进行了较系统、全面地分析。总结出省内不同区域内尘污染时空分布特征,进一步阐明尘类污染是影响我省城市大气环境的重要指标。     

上海市浦东新区大气细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2017年对浦东城区和郊区大气PM2.5中的重金属特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al等矿物元素为浦东新区PM2.5中含量最高的金属元素,其中K的年均值为297.3 ng/m^3。浦东城区的不同元素在季节变化上呈现较为不同的变化规律,郊区的金属元素值大部分呈现春季先逐月下降,在夏、秋季有起伏波动,在10月之后逐渐上升;沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘、煤燃烧、工业排放、金属冶炼、船舶排放、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧为浦东城区PM2.5中重金属元素的6大类主要来源。其中沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘对Ca的贡献率为82.7%,煤燃烧对As的贡献率为86.6%,工业排放对SO4^2-的贡献率达到65.9%,金属冶炼对Cr的贡献率为75.7%,船舶排放对V的贡献率为97.5%、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧对Cl^-的贡献率为93.0%。煤燃烧和金属冶炼主要来自于西部方向。船舶排放分布在长江口及其延伸带。浦东新区PM2.5中重金属元素的质量浓度与本地源排放强度、外界传输和大气扩散条件均有密切关系。     

Monitoring Of Vehicles Derived Particulates Using Magnetic Properties Of Leaves

Biomonitoring of vehicle-derived particulates is conducted by taking magnetic measurements of roadside tree leaves. Remanent magnetization (IRM_{300 mT}) of more than 400 Delbergia sissoo leaves was determined and IRM_{300 mT} normalized for the leaf area. The normalized 2-D magnetization as shown by results is dominantly controlled by the tree's distance to the road. The spatial and temporal variations of vehicle-derived particulates were mapped using magnetic analysis. 2D-magnetizations values were higher for leaves collected adjacent to major road sections than for those from village road suggesting vehicle emissions, rather than resuspended road dust, as the major cause of magnetic particles of roadside tree leaves. Vehicles derived particulates are responsible for tree leaf magnetism, and the leaf magnetizations values fall significantly from high values proximal to the roadside to lower values at the distal side. This suggests the ability of trees to reduce particulates concentrations in the atmosphere. The rainfall produces a net decrease in the leaf magnetic dust loadings.     

省级高空间分辨率扬尘源排放清单研究

通过对浙江省统一开展部署和行动，现场调查收集全省7 507个施工工地、3 923个堆场以及不同等级公路和城市道路的真实活动水平数据，并基于点源地理信息和路网信息图层，采用排放系数法和ArcGIS工具构建了浙江省2015年3 km×3 km高空间分辨率扬尘源排放清单。结果表明，2015年浙江省扬尘源PM₁₀和PM_2.5的排放量分别为24.26×10⁴ t和6.00×10⁴ t，其中PM₁₀和PM_2.5排放贡献均主要为施工扬尘和道路扬尘，施工扬尘分别贡献37.7%和39.3%，道路扬尘分别贡献36.5%和39.1%。从城市空间分布来看，杭州市、宁波市、温州市、绍兴市扬尘排放总量居于全省前四，舟山市最低，而城市主城区排放量显著高于郊区。     

南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究

统计分析了2010年南京市各行政区建筑场地面积和工期，结合扬尘排放因子，建立了南京市建筑扬尘排放清单。研究表明，2010年南京市建筑扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2．5的排放量分别达2．53万t、1．40万t和0．95万t，占工业烟（粉）尘排放量的23％、13％和8．6％。郊区县建筑扬尘排放量较大，约占全市 TSP、PM10、PM2．5排放总量的72％；主城区排放强度较高。对不同建筑工程类型扬尘排放量估算表明，城市建设工程和市政工程是建筑扬尘的主要来源，城市建设工程中又以住宅类建设工程为主。对不同研究获得的建筑扬尘结果比较，发现扬尘排放因子选择和污染源活动水平统计是影响建筑扬尘结果的关键因素。     

A preliminary investigation of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs in urban road dust from Yangtze River Delta, China

Urban road dust samples were collected from different land use areas in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, Yangtze River Delta, China. The dust samples were analyzed for the levels and compositional profiles of deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The levels of BDE-209, ∑OCPs, and ∑PAHs in samples ranged from 4.01–1,439 μg/kg, 3.15–615 μg/kg, and 2.24–58.2 mg/kg, respectively. PAHs were the predominant target compounds in road dust samples, comprising on average 97.7 % of total compounds. The spatial gradient of the pollutants (commercial/residential area> industrial area > urban park concentrations) was observed in the present study. The results indicated that the levels of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs observed in road dust were usually linked to anthropogenic activities in the urban environment. In addition, there might be a reflection of current usage or emissions of OCPs in urban environment.     

Public perceptions of air quality and quality of life in urban and suburban areas of London

A comparative study was undertaken at two different sites (one urban, one suburban) in Greater London in order to examine whether there was a relationship between publicly available air quality data and the public's perception of air quality. Perceptions of air quality and its role as a potential quality of life indicator was also investigated. A total of 200 people were interviewed in Wood Green and Wimbledon in 1999 and air quality data were obtained simultaneously from the nearest appropriate monitoring station. The study has enabled a comparison between the public's perception of air quality and the actual monitored concentration values. The survey results reveal how seriously the public regards air pollution from road traffic in terms of their quality of life and identifies the attitudes of the public to nuisance from road traffic. The results reveal that the public's perception of air quality is not a reliable indicator of the actual levels of air pollution in their area. The results also revealed that air pollution issues generated as a result of road traffic are of high importance in terms of people's quality of life when compared to other aspects of their quality of life. The study revealed that residents in the urban area (Wood Green) were more disturbed by road traffic than residents in the suburban area (Wimbledon). Out of all the disturbances listed, it was found that residents were more disturbed by vehicle-derived fumes, dust and dirt than other aspects of road traffic related nuisance. The TELETEXT/CEEFAX service on air quality was little used by the public as a means of obtaining information on air pollution.     

北京市主要PM10排放源成分谱分析

对北京市土壤尘、道路扬尘、城市扬尘、建筑施工尘、钢铁尘、煤烟尘等主要PM10无组织排放源和固定源进行采样、分析,建立相应的成分谱数据库,通过对其化学组分分析,确定各类PM10排放源的化学组分特征和标识元素。土壤尘、建筑施工扬尘、钢铁尘、煤烟尘PM10的标识元素分别为Si、Ca、Fe、Al,道路扬尘显示出明显的土壤尘、建筑施工尘和机动车污染的特征,城市扬尘成分谱与道路尘有很强的共线性,具有明显的道路扬尘特征。     

Determination of road dust loadings and chemical characteristics using resuspension

The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m^− 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m^− 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing. Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl⁻ and Na⁺ was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations, and groundwater.     

Determination of Pb and Cd in road dusts over the period in which Pb was removed from petrol in the UK

It is commonly agreed that automobile exhaust has been the most important source of Pb pollution in urban areas, and that Cd may come from wear and tear of tyres. This study evaluates the fall in Pb concentrations in road dusts in Manchester as a consequence of the removal of Pb from petrol in January 2000. In the work presented here a slurry graphite furnace atomic absorption methodology for the determination of Pb and Cd in road dusts has been developed and is compared with an acid digestion method in terms of efficiency. The reproducibility and accuracy of the results obtained by acid digestion and the slurry method have been studied and a certified reference material CRM 038 was analysed to confirm the reliability of the proposed methods. Different factors were evaluated throughout this work including: (i) the effect of traffic density on Pb and Cd levels in road dust samples collected weekly during the period of May 1999 until September 2000; (ii) comparison between the Pb and Cd levels in a busy road and a residential street; (iii) the effect of distance from the source on Pb and Cd levels; The results of these experiments show a reduction in Pb levels over the sampling period. The relationship between road dust particle size and Pb and Cd concentration was also investigated in the 4-250 microns size range using the slurry method, showing that there is a relationship between metal concentration and particle size; the highest concentrations being for the smallest particle size.     

Passive airborne dust sampling to assess mite antigen exposure in farming environments

The aim of this study was to estimate mite antigen exposure in farming environments by passive sampling of airborne dust. Antigen concentrations were measured with enzyme immunoassays specific for three storage mites (SM): Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae and the house dust mite (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Dust samples were collected with electrostatic dust fall collectors (EDCs) in three different areas of cattle farms. EDCs were placed in cow stables (working area), in changing rooms (transit area) and in different rooms of farmer dwellings (living area). Mite concentrations in the living area of farm homes were compared to those of urban homes. In dust samples from stables, antigens of all four mite species could be detected. The highest exposure level was to L. destructor (median 56.7 μg/m(2)), the lowest to A. siro (median 14.4 μg/m(2)). Mite concentrations of different species showed no correlation within the cow stables. In comparison to stables, the median mite concentrations in farm homes were significantly lower, ranging from below the detection limit to 1.5 μg/m(2). Antigens of SM were predominantly found in changing rooms and kitchens, and HDM antigens were mainly detected in bedrooms. Antigens of all mites were measured the least often in living rooms. T. putrescentiae was the most prevalent mite in all room types, and the exposure levels correlated strongly between different rooms. The number of SM positive samples in farm homes was considerably higher than in urban homes, while the percentage of HDM positive samples did not differ significantly.