兰州市沙尘天气对环境空气质量及人体健康的影响

一直以来,沙尘天气对兰州市环境空气质量有较大影响。通过分析研究兰州市2010-2015年5a间各月环境空气质量的有关指数,可知兰州市环境空气污染与沙尘天气有直接关系,沙尘天气仍然是目前环境空气污染的主要原因。调查分析来自当地医院呼吸科的相关数据,比对沙尘天气条件下的相关环境空气指数,用科学的统计、计算方法,得出呼吸系统的发病率与环境空气中颗粒物浓度成正比的结论。并对沙尘气溶胶造成人体伤害的具体路径进行了说明与介绍。     

2006年春季石家庄市沙尘天气与PM_(10)污染

文章应用气象资料和环境监测逐时资料,对2006年春季石家庄市出现的沙尘天气过程中PM10浓度变化,及其与污染源、天气形势、风、周边环境等的关系进行分析。结果表明,沙尘天气的首要污染物均是PM10,PM10的变化曲线呈正态分布,春季中度及以上污染日均出现在污染日当日或次日。造成石家庄沙尘天气污染源分本地型、外来型以及两者共同影响型三种。本地型沙尘污染强度取决于风速大小及强风持续时间,PM10浓度变化与风速呈正相关。而外来型污染多发生在地面弱气压场,PM10浓度变化与风速呈反相关。文章总结出沙尘天气污染预警的几个必要条件,可供实际的空气质量预警参考。     

青海高原一次沙尘重污染天气成因分析

利用常规观测的卫星云图资料、地面资料、探空资料、地面污染物监测数据,结合拉格朗日粒子扩散模型(LPDM)污染源溯源方法,对2018年2月青海高原一次沙尘重污染天气的主要成因以及沙尘传输特征进行了分析。结果表明:此次重污染天气受高空低槽东移影响,在300~700 hPa形成了强烈的辐散下沉,槽后的高空急流随之东移。在其东移过程中,受高空急流动量下传及偏北气流中的冷空气共同作用,青海东部出现了大风沙尘天气。边界层中逆温层的存在是此次污染天气持续的重要原因之一,加之未出现明显降水,不利于大气污染物的扩散。通过运用LPDM对此次污染天气的运动轨迹进行分析来看,气团影响的模拟高度层距离地面100 m,气团层趋势一致。研究区地处青藏高原,海拔较高,0~100 m高度的气团足迹可以反映出PM 10污染气团的输送路径。同时,0~100 m是主要的人为源排放空间,也是对人类活动影响较大的区域。气团足迹与PM 10浓度的变化趋势一致,即青海东部沙尘污染主要是由河西走廊沙尘倒灌进入青海东部导致,这与天气学分析结果一致。     

基于大气超级站观测的2017年5月北京市沙尘天气过程分析

结合常规污染物监测、PM_2.5化学组分监测、激光雷达监测和颗粒物数浓度及粒径监测等手段，对2017年5月影响北京市的一次沙尘天气过程进行分析。结果表明：5月4日凌晨起沙尘天气开始影响北京市，延庆、官园和通州3个站点PM₁₀峰值浓度分别为2 091、2 245、2 590 μg/m³，体现了该次沙尘天气影响程度之重。PM_2.5浓度与PM₁₀变化一致，也达到重度污染的水平。沙尘天气移动路径是沿着区域西北至东南方向。沙尘天气主体从3 km左右的高空进入北京市，随后逐渐渗透至1 km高度以及地面，且沙尘层厚度较高，覆盖了地面至3 km的高度。沙尘天气过程中OM和Ca²⁺组分增幅最大。在沙尘天气影响严重时间段，沙尘天气源与生物质燃烧源比例之和大于50%，最高值为67.6%。沙尘天气过程中颗粒物峰值粒径为0.965~1.037 μm。     

2005—2010年沙尘天气影响我国城市环境空气质量分析

根据2005年建成较完整的环保重点城市空气质量日报监测网后的监测数据,分析2005—2010年期间,影响113个环保重点城市空气质量的沙尘天气过程次数范围在每年5~14次之间,平均每年10次左右,总计59次。在此期间,影响113个重点城市空气质量的沙尘天气过程累计的影响时间总计130 d,平均在每年22 d左右。影响环保重点城市的沙尘天气过程主要集中在3—5月,在部分年份的1—2月、6月和11—12月也有出现。受沙尘天气影响,113个重点城市总共的超标天次平均每年在332 d次左右,每年范围在147~546 d次之间。其中,受沙尘暴天气影响的重污染天次平均每年在40 d次左右,每年范围在14~78 d次之间。受沙尘暴天气影响的超标天和重污染天主要出现在3~5月。近年来沙尘天气对我国尤其是北方地区的影响程度很大。每年沙尘天气过程对我国城市空气质量影响的时间不短,尤其在春季对我国东中部地区城市造成了很严重的影响,近年大范围的沙尘天气过程还影响到了我国东南包括台湾地区和香港澳门地区。     

基于颗粒物浓度的沙尘天气分级标准研究

沙尘天气在近年对我国城市空气质量造成明显影响。目前我国沙尘天气分级仍然按照气象标准 ,主要是以水平能见度进行分级。文章参考国外的有关标准 ,通过统计近年来我国沙尘天气过程中的颗粒物浓度 ,结合我国沙尘天气的发生情况和特点 ,提出了基于沙尘浓度的沙尘天气分级标准     

北方沙尘暴对杭州大气环境的影响及应对措施

简述了我国沙尘天气的形成与分级情况。分析了我国沙尘天气的发展趋势与原因及其对杭州大气环境的影响情况。指出我国沙尘天气的发展有越演越烈的趋势 ,对杭州大气环境的影响时间延长 ,频次增加 ,危害程度加重 ,范围扩大。对防治沙尘天气污染大气环境提出了应对措施。     

2015年新疆阿克苏市沙尘污染与气象因素关系的分析

应用阿克苏市国家基准站及2个环保局监测站2015年大风沙尘天气过程前后PM10浓度变化及其与污染源、NECP全球再分析资料、风、监测站周边环境等关系进行分析.结果表明,阿克苏市春季沙尘天气的首要污染物均为PM10,PM10的变化曲线呈正态分布,春季中度及以上污染日均出现在污染日当日或次日.造成阿克苏市沙尘天气污染源分本地型、外来型以及二者共同影响型三种.本地型沙尘污染强度取决于北风风速大小及强风持续时间,PM10浓度变化与风速呈正相关.而外来型污染多发生在本地型沙尘天气之后,"东灌"冷空气裹挟沙尘进入南疆盆地,造成地面加压,浮尘天气造成PM10浓度增大,并持续数天.总结出沙尘天气污染预警的几个必要条件,后续在地区环保局、县局监测站建立的情况下,为分析阿克苏地区"八县一市"污染物与气象因素的关系提供借鉴,同时为实际的空气质量预警提供参考.     

2021年沙尘天气影响下江苏省空气质量特征分析

对2021年影响江苏省的沙尘天气过程开展研究,分析受影响的时间、区域特征及环境空气质量特征。结果表明,影响江苏省的沙尘天气过程共计13次,全省累计受影响229 d。从时间分布看,沙尘天气过程多发生在1月、3—5月,2月、11月较少,6—10月和12月无沙尘天气过程。从区域分布看,苏北地区受沙尘天气过程影响较显著,受影响天数>20 d的城市均分布于此。受沙尘天气过程影响,且东北偏北风或东北风输送时,可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))较易出现小时高值。沙尘过程造成PM_(10)日均质量浓度超标的天数占比为38.0%,造成PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度超标的天数占比仅为12.7%;扣除沙尘天气过程影响后,PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度分别较扣除前下降1和6μg/m 3,沙尘天气过程对PM_(10)质量浓度的影响大于对PM_(2.5)质量浓度的影响。受沙尘天气过程影响时,环境空气质量为轻度污染及以上级别占比为45.0%,苏北和苏中地区环境空气质量易达到重度污染及以上级别,苏南地区多为良或轻度污染,少有中度污染。沙尘气团远距离传输使得PM_(10)为首要污染物的特征有所削弱,83.8%的受影响天中首要污染物为PM_(10),其余为二氧化氮(NO_(2))或臭氧(O_(3))。     

中国部分地区2021年几次典型沙尘天气遥感监测分析

2021年，中国北方地区经历了多轮大范围沙尘天气，波及西北、华北、东北甚至黄淮、长三角等地区。其中，3月份出现自2010年以来最强沙尘天气过程。该研究基于Himawari-8静止卫星数据和地面同步空气站点监测数据，分析了2021年3月14—17、27—30日和4月14—15日3次典型沙尘天气过程。分析结果显示：2021年3月14—17日沙尘天气影响范围最广，沙尘分别在不同时间段起源于蒙古国西北部、中国甘肃和青海交界处、新疆和甘肃交界处，大范围沙尘天气是多处尘源综合作用的结果。3月27—30日和4月14—15日沙尘主要起源于蒙古国，沙尘源较单一，影响范围相对集中，但某些时段受影响区域的沙尘强度很高。地面同步空气站点PM₁₀监测数据与卫星数据有很好的一致性。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.